Merge pull request 'New streaming endpoints' (#265) from 264-streaming-endpoints into master

Reviewed-on: platypush/platypush#265

platypush/backend/http/__init__.py

@@ -16,12 +16,11 @@ from tornado.web import Application, FallbackHandler
 
 from platypush.backend import Backend
 from platypush.backend.http.app import application
-from platypush.backend.http.app.utils import get_ws_routes
+from platypush.backend.http.app.utils import get_streaming_routes, get_ws_routes
-from platypush.backend.http.app.ws.events import events_redis_topic
+from platypush.backend.http.app.ws.events import WSEventProxy
 
 from platypush.bus.redis import RedisBus
 from platypush.config import Config
-from platypush.utils import get_redis
 
 
 class HttpBackend(Backend):
@@ -286,7 +285,7 @@ class HttpBackend(Backend):
 
     def notify_web_clients(self, event):
         """Notify all the connected web clients (over websocket) of a new event"""
-        get_redis().publish(events_redis_topic, str(event))
+        WSEventProxy.publish(event)  # noqa: E1120
 
     def _get_secret_key(self, _create=False):
         if _create:
@@ -331,7 +330,10 @@ class HttpBackend(Backend):
         container = WSGIContainer(application)
         tornado_app = Application(
             [
-                *[(route.path(), route) for route in get_ws_routes()],
+                *[
+                    (route.path(), route)
+                    for route in [*get_ws_routes(), *get_streaming_routes()]
+                ],
                 (r'.*', FallbackHandler, {'fallback': container}),
             ]
         )
@@ -352,7 +354,7 @@ class HttpBackend(Backend):
         )
 
         if self.use_werkzeug_server:
-            application.config['redis_queue'] = self.bus.redis_queue
+            application.config['redis_queue'] = self.bus.redis_queue  # type: ignore
             application.run(
                 host=self.bind_address,
                 port=self.port,

platypush/backend/http/app/mixins/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+import json
+import logging
+from multiprocessing import RLock
+from typing import Generator, Iterable, Optional, Set, Union
+
+from redis import ConnectionError as RedisConnectionError
+from redis.client import PubSub
+
+from platypush.config import Config
+from platypush.message import Message as AppMessage
+from platypush.utils import get_redis
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+MessageType = Union[AppMessage, bytes, str, dict, list, set, tuple]
+"""Types of supported messages on Redis/websocket channels."""
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Message:
+    """
+    A wrapper for a message received on a Redis subscription.
+    """
+
+    data: bytes
+    """The data received in the message."""
+    channel: str
+    """The channel the message was received on."""
+
+
+class PubSubMixin:
+    """
+    A mixin for Tornado route handlers that support pub/sub mechanisms.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *_, subscriptions: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None, **__):
+        self._pubsub: Optional[PubSub] = None
+        """Pub/sub proxy."""
+        self._subscriptions: Set[str] = set(subscriptions or [])
+        """Set of current channel subscriptions."""
+        self._pubsub_lock = RLock()
+        """
+        Subscriptions lock. It ensures that the list of subscriptions is
+        manipulated by one thread or process at the time.
+        """
+
+        self.subscribe(*self._subscriptions)
+
+    @property
+    @contextmanager
+    def pubsub(self):
+        """
+        Pub/sub proxy lazy property with context manager.
+        """
+        with self._pubsub_lock:
+            # Lazy initialization for the pub/sub object.
+            if self._pubsub is None:
+                self._pubsub = get_redis().pubsub()
+
+        # Yield the pub/sub object (context manager pattern).
+        yield self._pubsub
+
+        with self._pubsub_lock:
+            # Close and free the pub/sub object if it has no active subscriptions.
+            if self._pubsub is not None and len(self._subscriptions) == 0:
+                self._pubsub.close()
+                self._pubsub = None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _serialize(data: MessageType) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Serialize a message as bytes before delivering it to either a Redis or websocket channel.
+        """
+        if isinstance(data, AppMessage):
+            data = str(data)
+        if isinstance(data, (list, tuple, set)):
+            data = list(data)
+        if isinstance(data, (list, dict)):
+            data = json.dumps(data, cls=AppMessage.Encoder)
+        if isinstance(data, str):
+            data = data.encode('utf-8')
+
+        return data
+
+    @classmethod
+    def publish(cls, data: MessageType, *channels: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Publish data on one or more Redis channels.
+        """
+        for channel in channels:
+            get_redis().publish(channel, cls._serialize(data))
+
+    def subscribe(self, *channels: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Subscribe to a set of Redis channels.
+        """
+        with self.pubsub as pubsub:
+            for channel in channels:
+                pubsub.subscribe(channel)
+                self._subscriptions.add(channel)
+
+    def unsubscribe(self, *channels: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Unsubscribe from a set of Redis channels.
+        """
+        with self.pubsub as pubsub:
+            for channel in channels:
+                if channel in self._subscriptions:
+                    pubsub.unsubscribe(channel)
+                    self._subscriptions.remove(channel)
+
+    def listen(self) -> Generator[Message, None, None]:
+        """
+        Listens for pub/sub messages and yields them.
+        """
+        try:
+            with self.pubsub as pubsub:
+                for msg in pubsub.listen():
+                    channel = msg.get('channel', b'').decode()
+                    if msg.get('type') != 'message' or not (
+                        channel and channel in self._subscriptions
+                    ):
+                        continue
+
+                    yield Message(data=msg.get('data', b''), channel=channel)
+        except (AttributeError, RedisConnectionError):
+            return
+
+    def _pubsub_close(self):
+        """
+        Closes the pub/sub object.
+        """
+        with self._pubsub_lock:
+            if self._pubsub is not None:
+                try:
+                    self._pubsub.close()
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.debug('Error on pubsub close: %s', e)
+                finally:
+                    self._pubsub = None
+
+    def on_close(self):
+        """
+        Extensible close handler that closes the pub/sub object.
+        """
+        self._pubsub_close()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_channel(channel: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Utility method that returns the prefixed Redis channel for a certain subscription name.
+        """
+        return f'_platypush/{Config.get("device_id")}/{channel}'  # type: ignore
+
+
+# vim:sw=4:ts=4:et:

platypush/backend/http/app/routes/plugins/camera/__init__.py

@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-import json
-from typing import Optional
-
-from flask import Blueprint, request
-from flask.wrappers import Response
-
-from platypush.backend.http.app import template_folder
-from platypush.backend.http.app.utils import authenticate
-from platypush.context import get_plugin
-from platypush.plugins.camera import CameraPlugin, Camera, StreamWriter
-
-camera = Blueprint('camera', __name__, template_folder=template_folder)
-
-# Declare routes list
-__routes__ = [
-    camera,
-]
-
-
-def get_camera(plugin: str) -> CameraPlugin:
-    plugin_name = f'camera.{plugin}'
-    p = get_plugin(plugin_name)
-    assert p, f'No such plugin: {plugin_name}'
-    return p
-
-
-def get_frame(session: Camera, timeout: Optional[float] = None) -> Optional[bytes]:
-    if session.stream:
-        with session.stream.ready:
-            session.stream.ready.wait(timeout=timeout)
-            return session.stream.frame
-
-
-def feed(camera: CameraPlugin, **kwargs):
-    with camera.open(**kwargs) as session:
-        camera.start_camera(session)
-        while True:
-            frame = get_frame(session, timeout=5.0)
-            if frame:
-                yield frame
-
-
-def get_args(kwargs):
-    kwargs = kwargs.copy()
-    if 't' in kwargs:
-        del kwargs['t']
-
-    for k, v in kwargs.items():
-        if k == 'resolution':
-            v = json.loads('[{}]'.format(v))
-        else:
-            try:
-                v = int(v)
-            except (ValueError, TypeError):
-                try:
-                    v = float(v)
-                except (ValueError, TypeError):
-                    pass
-
-        kwargs[k] = v
-
-    return kwargs
-
-
-@camera.route('/camera/<plugin>/photo.<extension>', methods=['GET'])
-@authenticate()
-def get_photo(plugin, extension):
-    plugin = get_camera(plugin)
-    extension = 'jpeg' if extension in ('jpg', 'jpeg') else extension
-
-    with plugin.open(stream=True, stream_format=extension, frames_dir=None, **get_args(request.args)) as session:
-        plugin.start_camera(session)
-        frame = None
-        for _ in range(session.info.warmup_frames):
-            frame = get_frame(session)
-
-        return Response(frame, mimetype=session.stream.mimetype)
-
-
-@camera.route('/camera/<plugin>/video.<extension>', methods=['GET'])
-@authenticate()
-def get_video(plugin, extension):
-    stream_class = StreamWriter.get_class_by_name(extension)
-    camera = get_camera(plugin)
-    return Response(
-        feed(camera, stream=True, stream_format=extension, frames_dir=None,
-            **get_args(request.args)
-        ), mimetype=stream_class.mimetype
-    )
-
-
-@camera.route('/camera/<plugin>/photo', methods=['GET'])
-@authenticate()
-def get_photo_default(plugin):
-    return get_photo(plugin, 'jpeg')
-
-
-@camera.route('/camera/<plugin>/video', methods=['GET'])
-@authenticate()
-def get_video_default(plugin):
-    return get_video(plugin, 'mjpeg')
-
-
-@camera.route('/camera/<plugin>/frame', methods=['GET'])
-@authenticate()
-def get_photo_deprecated(plugin):
-    return get_photo_default(plugin)
-
-
-@camera.route('/camera/<plugin>/feed', methods=['GET'])
-@authenticate()
-def get_video_deprecated(plugin):
-    return get_video_default(plugin)
-
-
-# vim:sw=4:ts=4:et:

platypush/backend/http/app/routes/plugins/camera/ir/mlx90640.py

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-from flask import Blueprint
-
-from platypush.backend.http.app import template_folder
-from platypush.backend.http.app.routes.plugins.camera import get_photo, get_video
-from platypush.backend.http.app.utils import authenticate
-
-camera_ir_mlx90640 = Blueprint('camera-ir-mlx90640', __name__, template_folder=template_folder)
-
-# Declare routes list
-__routes__ = [
-    camera_ir_mlx90640,
-]
-
-
-@camera_ir_mlx90640.route('/camera/ir/mlx90640/photo.<extension>', methods=['GET'])
-@authenticate()
-def get_photo_route(extension):
-    return get_photo('ir.mlx90640', extension)
-
-
-@camera_ir_mlx90640.route('/camera/ir/mlx90640/video.<extension>', methods=['GET'])
-@authenticate()
-def get_video_route(extension):
-    return get_video('ir.mlx90640', extension)
-
-
-@camera_ir_mlx90640.route('/camera/ir/mlx90640/photo', methods=['GET'])
-@authenticate()
-def get_photo_route_default():
-    return get_photo_route('jpeg')
-
-
-@camera_ir_mlx90640.route('/camera/ir/mlx90640/video', methods=['GET'])
-@authenticate()
-def get_video_route_default():
-    return get_video_route('mjpeg')
-
-
-@camera_ir_mlx90640.route('/camera/ir/mlx90640/frame', methods=['GET'])
-@authenticate()
-def get_photo_route_deprecated():
-    return get_photo_route_default()
-
-
-@camera_ir_mlx90640.route('/camera/ir/mlx90640/feed', methods=['GET'])
-@authenticate()
-def get_video_route_deprecated():
-    return get_video_route_default()
-
-
-# vim:sw=4:ts=4:et:

platypush/backend/http/app/routes/plugins/sound/__init__.py

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import tempfile
-
-from flask import Response, Blueprint, request
-
-from platypush.backend.http.app import template_folder
-from platypush.backend.http.app.utils import authenticate, send_request
-
-sound = Blueprint('sound', __name__, template_folder=template_folder)
-
-# Declare routes list
-__routes__ = [
-    sound,
-]
-
-
-# Generates the .wav file header for a given set of samples and specs
-# noinspection PyRedundantParentheses
-def gen_header(sample_rate, sample_width, channels):
-    datasize = int(2000 * 1e6)                                               # Arbitrary data size for streaming
-    o = bytes("RIFF", ' ascii')                                               # (4byte) Marks file as RIFF
-    o += (datasize + 36).to_bytes(4, 'little')                               # (4byte) File size in bytes
-    o += bytes("WAVE", 'ascii')                                              # (4byte) File type
-    o += bytes("fmt ", 'ascii')                                              # (4byte) Format Chunk Marker
-    o += (16).to_bytes(4, 'little')                                          # (4byte) Length of above format data
-    o += (1).to_bytes(2, 'little')                                           # (2byte) Format type (1 - PCM)
-    o += channels.to_bytes(2, 'little')                                      # (2byte)
-    o += sample_rate.to_bytes(4,  'little')                                  # (4byte)
-    o += (sample_rate * channels * sample_width // 8).to_bytes(4, 'little')  # (4byte)
-    o += (channels * sample_width // 8).to_bytes(2, 'little')                # (2byte)
-    o += sample_width.to_bytes(2, 'little')                                  # (2byte)
-    o += bytes("data", 'ascii')                                              # (4byte) Data Chunk Marker
-    o += datasize.to_bytes(4, 'little')                                      # (4byte) Data size in bytes
-    return o
-
-
-def audio_feed(device, fifo, sample_rate, blocksize, latency, channels):
-    send_request(action='sound.stream_recording', device=device, sample_rate=sample_rate,
-                 dtype='int16', fifo=fifo, blocksize=blocksize, latency=latency,
-                 channels=channels)
-
-    try:
-        with open(fifo, 'rb') as f:  # lgtm [py/path-injection]
-            send_header = True
-
-            while True:
-                audio = f.read(blocksize)
-
-                if audio:
-                    if send_header:
-                        audio = gen_header(sample_rate=sample_rate, sample_width=16, channels=channels) + audio
-                        send_header = False
-
-                    yield audio
-    finally:
-        send_request(action='sound.stop_recording')
-
-
-@sound.route('/sound/stream', methods=['GET'])
-@authenticate()
-def get_sound_feed():
-    device = request.args.get('device')
-    sample_rate = request.args.get('sample_rate', 44100)
-    blocksize = request.args.get('blocksize', 512)
-    latency = request.args.get('latency', 0)
-    channels = request.args.get('channels', 1)
-    fifo = request.args.get('fifo', os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), 'inputstream'))
-
-    return Response(audio_feed(device=device, fifo=fifo, sample_rate=sample_rate,
-                               blocksize=blocksize, latency=latency, channels=channels),
-                    mimetype='audio/x-wav;codec=pcm')
-
-
-# vim:sw=4:ts=4:et:

platypush/backend/http/app/streaming/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from ._base import StreamingRoute
+
+__all__ = ['StreamingRoute']

platypush/backend/http/app/streaming/_base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from http.client import responses
+import json
+from logging import getLogger
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from tornado.web import RequestHandler, stream_request_body
+
+from platypush.backend.http.app.utils.auth import AuthStatus, get_auth_status
+
+from ..mixins import PubSubMixin
+
+
+@stream_request_body
+class StreamingRoute(RequestHandler, PubSubMixin, ABC):
+    """
+    Base class for Tornado streaming routes.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
+    @override
+    def prepare(self):
+        """
+        Request preparation logic. It performs user authentication if
+        ``auth_required`` returns True, and it can be extended/overridden.
+        """
+        if self.auth_required:
+            auth_status = get_auth_status(self.request)
+            if auth_status != AuthStatus.OK:
+                self.send_error(auth_status.value.code, error=auth_status.value.message)
+                return
+
+        self.logger.info(
+            'Client %s connected to %s', self.request.remote_ip, self.request.path
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def write_error(self, status_code: int, error: Optional[str] = None, **_):
+        """
+        Make sure that errors are always returned in JSON format.
+        """
+        self.set_header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+        self.finish(
+            json.dumps(
+                {"status": status_code, "error": error or responses.get(status_code)}
+            )
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def path(cls) -> str:
+        """
+        Path/URL pattern for this route.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def auth_required(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        If set to True (default) then this route will require user
+        authentication and return 401 if authentication fails.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_redis_queue(cls, *_, **__) -> Optional[str]:
+        """
+        Returns the Redis channel associated with a given set of arguments.
+
+        This is None by default, and it should be implemented by subclasses if
+        required.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def forward_stream(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Utility method that does the following:
+
+            1. It listens for new messages on the subscribed Redis channels;
+            2. It applies a filter on the channel if :meth:`._get_redis_queue`
+               returns a non-null result given ``args`` and ``kwargs``;
+            3. It forward the frames read from the Redis channel(s) to the HTTP client;
+            4. It periodically invokes :meth:`._should_stop` to cleanly
+               terminate when the HTTP client socket is closed.
+
+        """
+        redis_queue = self._get_redis_queue(  # pylint: disable=assignment-from-none
+            *args, **kwargs
+        )
+
+        if redis_queue:
+            self.subscribe(redis_queue)
+
+        try:
+            for msg in self.listen():
+                if self._should_stop():
+                    break
+
+                if redis_queue and msg.channel != redis_queue:
+                    continue
+
+                frame = msg.data
+                if frame:
+                    self.write(frame)
+                    self.flush()
+        finally:
+            if redis_queue:
+                self.unsubscribe(redis_queue)
+
+    def _should_stop(self):
+        """
+        Utility method used by :meth:`._forward_stream` to automatically
+        terminate when the client connection is closed (it can be overridden by
+        the subclasses).
+        """
+        if self._finished:
+            return True
+
+        if self.request.connection and getattr(self.request.connection, 'stream', None):
+            return self.request.connection.stream.closed()  # type: ignore
+
+        return True

platypush/backend/http/app/streaming/plugins/camera.py

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+from enum import Enum
+import json
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from tornado.web import stream_request_body
+from platypush.context import get_plugin
+
+from platypush.config import Config
+from platypush.plugins.camera import Camera, CameraPlugin, StreamWriter
+from platypush.utils import get_plugin_name_by_class
+
+from .. import StreamingRoute
+
+
+class RequestType(Enum):
+    """
+    Models the camera route request type (video or photo)
+    """
+
+    UNKNOWN = ''
+    PHOTO = 'photo'
+    VIDEO = 'video'
+
+
+@stream_request_body
+class CameraRoute(StreamingRoute):
+    """
+    Route for camera streams.
+    """
+
+    _redis_queue_prefix = f'_platypush/{Config.get("device_id") or ""}/camera'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._camera: Optional[Camera] = None
+        self._request_type = RequestType.UNKNOWN
+        self._extension: str = ''
+
+    @override
+    @classmethod
+    def path(cls) -> str:
+        return r"/camera/([a-zA-Z0-9_./]+)/([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\.?([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)?"
+
+    def _get_camera(self, plugin: str) -> CameraPlugin:
+        plugin_name = f'camera.{plugin.replace("/", ".")}'
+        p = get_plugin(plugin_name)
+        assert p, f'No such plugin: {plugin_name}'
+        return p
+
+    def _get_frame(
+        self, camera: Camera, timeout: Optional[float] = None
+    ) -> Optional[bytes]:
+        if camera.stream:
+            with camera.stream.ready:
+                camera.stream.ready.wait(timeout=timeout)
+                return camera.stream.frame
+
+        return None
+
+    def send_frame(self, camera: Camera):
+        frame = None
+        for _ in range(camera.info.warmup_frames):
+            frame = self._get_frame(camera)
+
+        if frame:
+            self.write(frame)
+            self.flush()
+
+    def _set_request_type_and_extension(self, route: str, extension: str):
+        if route in {'photo', 'frame'}:
+            self._request_type = RequestType.PHOTO
+            if extension == 'jpg':
+                extension = 'jpeg'
+            self._extension = extension or 'jpeg'
+        elif route in {'video', 'feed'}:
+            self._request_type = RequestType.VIDEO
+            self._extension = extension or 'mjpeg'
+
+    def _get_args(self, kwargs: dict):
+        kwargs = {k: v[0].decode() for k, v in kwargs.items() if k != 't'}
+        for k, v in kwargs.items():
+            if k == 'resolution':
+                v = json.loads(f'[{v}]')
+            else:
+                try:
+                    v = int(v)
+                except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                    try:
+                        v = float(v)
+                    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                        pass
+
+            kwargs[k] = v
+
+        return kwargs
+
+    @override
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_redis_queue(cls, camera: CameraPlugin, *_, **__) -> str:
+        plugin_name = get_plugin_name_by_class(camera.__class__)
+        assert plugin_name, f'No such plugin: {plugin_name}'
+        return '/'.join(
+            [
+                cls._redis_queue_prefix,
+                plugin_name,
+                *map(
+                    str,
+                    [camera.camera_info.device] if camera.camera_info.device else [],
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def get(self, plugin: str, route: str, extension: str = '') -> None:
+        self._set_request_type_and_extension(route, extension)
+        if not (self._request_type and self._extension):
+            self.write_error(404, 'Not Found')
+            return
+
+        stream_class = StreamWriter.get_class_by_name(self._extension)
+        camera = self._get_camera(plugin)
+        redis_queue = self._get_redis_queue(camera)
+        self.set_header('Content-Type', stream_class.mimetype)
+
+        with camera.open(
+            stream=True,
+            stream_format=self._extension,
+            frames_dir=None,
+            redis_queue=redis_queue,
+            **self._get_args(self.request.arguments),
+        ) as session:
+            camera.start_camera(session)
+            if self._request_type == RequestType.PHOTO:
+                self.send_frame(session)
+            elif self._request_type == RequestType.VIDEO:
+                self.forward_stream(camera)
+
+        self.finish()

platypush/backend/http/app/streaming/plugins/sound.py

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+import json
+from typing import Generator, Optional
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from tornado.web import stream_request_body
+
+from platypush.backend.http.app.utils import send_request
+from platypush.config import Config
+
+from .. import StreamingRoute
+
+
+@stream_request_body
+class SoundRoute(StreamingRoute):
+    """
+    Route for audio streams.
+    """
+
+    _redis_queue_prefix = f'_platypush/{Config.get("device_id") or ""}/sound'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._audio_headers_written: bool = False
+        """Send the audio file headers before we send the first audio frame."""
+
+    @override
+    @classmethod
+    def path(cls) -> str:
+        return r"/sound/stream\.?([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)?"
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _audio_stream(self, **kwargs) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+        response = send_request(
+            'sound.record',
+            dtype='int16',
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        assert response and not response.is_error(), (
+            'Streaming error: ' + str(response.errors) if response else '(unknown)'
+        )
+
+        yield
+        send_request('sound.stop_recording')
+
+    @override
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_redis_queue(cls, *_, device: Optional[str] = None, **__) -> str:
+        return '/'.join([cls._redis_queue_prefix, *([device] if device else [])])
+
+    def _get_args(self, **kwargs):
+        kwargs.update({k: v[0].decode() for k, v in self.request.arguments.items()})
+        device = kwargs.get('device')
+        return {
+            'device': device,
+            'sample_rate': int(kwargs.get('sample_rate', 44100)),
+            'blocksize': int(kwargs.get('blocksize', 512)),
+            'latency': float(kwargs.get('latency', 0)),
+            'channels': int(kwargs.get('channels', 1)),
+            'format': kwargs.get('format', 'wav'),
+            'redis_queue': kwargs.get('redis_queue', self._get_redis_queue(device)),
+        }
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _content_type_by_extension(extension: str) -> str:
+        if extension == 'mp3':
+            return 'audio/mpeg'
+        if extension == 'ogg':
+            return 'audio/ogg'
+        if extension == 'wav':
+            return 'audio/wav;codec=pcm'
+        if extension == 'flac':
+            return 'audio/flac'
+        if extension == 'aac':
+            return 'audio/aac'
+        return 'application/octet-stream'
+
+    def get(self, extension: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        ext = extension or 'wav'
+        args = self._get_args(format=ext)
+
+        try:
+            with self._audio_stream(**args):
+                self.set_header('Content-Type', self._content_type_by_extension(ext))
+                self.forward_stream(**args)
+
+            self.finish()
+        except AssertionError as e:
+            self.set_header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+            self.set_status(400, str(e))
+            self.finish(json.dumps({"error": str(e)}))
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.set_header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+            self.logger.exception(e)
+            self.set_status(500, str(e))
+            self.finish(json.dumps({"error": str(e)}))

platypush/backend/http/app/utils/__init__.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ from .routes import (
     get_remote_base_url,
     get_routes,
 )
+from .streaming import get_streaming_routes
 from .ws import get_ws_routes
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ __all__ = [
     'get_message_response',
     'get_remote_base_url',
     'get_routes',
+    'get_streaming_routes',
     'get_ws_routes',
     'logger',
     'send_message',

platypush/backend/http/app/utils/streaming.py

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import logging
+import os
+import importlib
+import inspect
+from typing import List, Type
+
+import pkgutil
+
+from ..streaming import StreamingRoute
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def get_streaming_routes() -> List[Type[StreamingRoute]]:
+    """
+    Scans for streaming routes.
+    """
+    from platypush.backend.http import HttpBackend
+
+    base_pkg = '.'.join([HttpBackend.__module__, 'app', 'streaming'])
+    base_dir = os.path.join(
+        os.path.dirname(inspect.getfile(HttpBackend)), 'app', 'streaming'
+    )
+    routes = []
+
+    for _, mod_name, _ in pkgutil.walk_packages([base_dir], prefix=base_pkg + '.'):
+        try:
+            module = importlib.import_module(mod_name)
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning('Could not import module %s', mod_name)
+            logger.exception(e)
+            continue
+
+        for _, obj in inspect.getmembers(module):
+            if (
+                inspect.isclass(obj)
+                and not inspect.isabstract(obj)
+                and issubclass(obj, StreamingRoute)
+            ):
+                routes.append(obj)
+
+    return routes

platypush/backend/http/app/ws/__init__.py

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-from ._base import WSRoute, logger, pubsub_redis_topic
+from ._base import WSRoute, logger
 
-__all__ = ['WSRoute', 'logger', 'pubsub_redis_topic']
+__all__ = ['WSRoute', 'logger']

platypush/backend/http/app/ws/_base.py

@@ -1,37 +1,28 @@
-from abc import ABC, abstractclassmethod
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-import json
 from logging import getLogger
-from threading import RLock, Thread
+from threading import Thread
-from typing import Any, Generator, Iterable, Optional, Union
 from typing_extensions import override
 
-from redis import ConnectionError as RedisConnectionError
 from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
 from tornado.websocket import WebSocketHandler
 
 from platypush.backend.http.app.utils.auth import AuthStatus, get_auth_status
-from platypush.config import Config
+
-from platypush.message import Message
+from ..mixins import MessageType, PubSubMixin
-from platypush.utils import get_redis
 
 logger = getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-def pubsub_redis_topic(topic: str) -> str:
+class WSRoute(WebSocketHandler, Thread, PubSubMixin, ABC):
-    return f'_platypush/{Config.get("device_id")}/{topic}'  # type: ignore
-
-
-class WSRoute(WebSocketHandler, Thread, ABC):
     """
     Base class for Tornado websocket endpoints.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, redis_topics: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        WebSocketHandler.__init__(self, *args)
-        self._redis_topics = set(redis_topics or [])
+        PubSubMixin.__init__(self, **kwargs)
-        self._sub = get_redis().pubsub()
+        Thread.__init__(self)
         self._io_loop = IOLoop.current()
-        self._sub_lock = RLock()
 
     @override
     def open(self, *_, **__):
@@ -51,10 +42,11 @@ class WSRoute(WebSocketHandler, Thread, ABC):
         pass
 
     @override
-    def on_message(self, message):  # type: ignore
+    def on_message(self, message):
-        pass
+        return message
 
-    @abstractclassmethod
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
     def app_name(cls) -> str:
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
@@ -66,55 +58,25 @@ class WSRoute(WebSocketHandler, Thread, ABC):
     def auth_required(self):
         return True
 
-    def subscribe(self, *topics: str) -> None:
+    def send(self, msg: MessageType) -> None:
-        with self._sub_lock:
-            for topic in topics:
-                self._sub.subscribe(topic)
-                self._redis_topics.add(topic)
-
-    def unsubscribe(self, *topics: str) -> None:
-        with self._sub_lock:
-            for topic in topics:
-                if topic in self._redis_topics:
-                    self._sub.unsubscribe(topic)
-                    self._redis_topics.remove(topic)
-
-    def listen(self) -> Generator[Any, None, None]:
-        try:
-            for msg in self._sub.listen():
-                if (
-                    msg.get('type') != 'message'
-                    and msg.get('channel').decode() not in self._redis_topics
-                ):
-                    continue
-
-                yield msg.get('data')
-        except (AttributeError, RedisConnectionError):
-            return
-
-    def send(self, msg: Union[str, bytes, dict, list, tuple, set]) -> None:
-        if isinstance(msg, (list, tuple, set)):
-            msg = list(msg)
-        if isinstance(msg, (list, dict)):
-            msg = json.dumps(msg, cls=Message.Encoder)
-
         self._io_loop.asyncio_loop.call_soon_threadsafe(  # type: ignore
-            self.write_message, msg
+            self.write_message, self._serialize(msg)
         )
 
     @override
     def run(self) -> None:
         super().run()
-        for topic in self._redis_topics:
+        self.subscribe(*self._subscriptions)
-            self._sub.subscribe(topic)
 
     @override
     def on_close(self):
-        topics = self._redis_topics.copy()
+        super().on_close()
-        for topic in topics:
+        for channel in self._subscriptions.copy():
-            self.unsubscribe(topic)
+            self.unsubscribe(channel)
+
+        if self._pubsub:
+            self._pubsub.close()
 
-        self._sub.close()
         logger.info(
             'Client %s disconnected from %s, reason=%s, message=%s',
             self.request.remote_ip,

platypush/backend/http/app/ws/events.py

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 from typing_extensions import override
 
+from platypush.backend.http.app.mixins import MessageType
 from platypush.message.event import Event
 
-from . import WSRoute, logger, pubsub_redis_topic
+from . import WSRoute, logger
 from ..utils import send_message
 
-events_redis_topic = pubsub_redis_topic('events')
-
 
 class WSEventProxy(WSRoute):
     """
@@ -14,14 +13,23 @@ class WSEventProxy(WSRoute):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, subscriptions=[self.events_channel], **kwargs)
-        self.subscribe(events_redis_topic)
 
     @classmethod
     @override
     def app_name(cls) -> str:
         return 'events'
 
+    @classmethod
+    @property
+    def events_channel(cls) -> str:
+        return cls.get_channel('events')
+
+    @override
+    @classmethod
+    def publish(cls, data: MessageType, *_) -> None:
+        super().publish(data, cls.events_channel)
+
     @override
     def on_message(self, message):
         try:
@@ -38,9 +46,9 @@ class WSEventProxy(WSRoute):
     def run(self) -> None:
         for msg in self.listen():
             try:
-                evt = Event.build(msg)
+                evt = Event.build(msg.data)
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.warning('Error parsing event: %s: %s', msg, e)
                 continue
 
-            self.send(str(evt))
+            self.send(evt)

platypush/backend/http/webapp/dist/index.html

@@ -1 +1 @@
-<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><!--[if IE]><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"><![endif]--><link rel="stylesheet" href="/fonts/poppins.css"><title>platypush</title><script defer="defer" type="module" src="/static/js/chunk-vendors.0f6060b6.js"></script><script defer="defer" type="module" src="/static/js/app.8e3d4fb1.js"></script><link href="/static/css/chunk-vendors.0fcd36f0.css" rel="stylesheet"><link href="/static/css/app.0a781c41.css" rel="stylesheet"><link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/img/icons/favicon.svg"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/img/icons/favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/img/icons/favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Platypush"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/img/icons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"><link rel="mask-icon" href="/img/icons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#ffffff"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/img/icons/msapplication-icon-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000000"><script defer="defer" src="/static/js/chunk-vendors-legacy.037e71b7.js" nomodule></script><script defer="defer" src="/static/js/app-legacy.523328cf.js" nomodule></script></head><body><noscript><strong>We're sorry but platypush doesn't work properly without JavaScript enabled. Please enable it to continue.</strong></noscript><div id="app"></div></body></html>
+<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><!--[if IE]><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"><![endif]--><link rel="stylesheet" href="/fonts/poppins.css"><title>platypush</title><script defer="defer" type="module" src="/static/js/chunk-vendors.0f6060b6.js"></script><script defer="defer" type="module" src="/static/js/app.a0889d9d.js"></script><link href="/static/css/chunk-vendors.0fcd36f0.css" rel="stylesheet"><link href="/static/css/app.0a781c41.css" rel="stylesheet"><link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/img/icons/favicon.svg"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/img/icons/favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/img/icons/favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Platypush"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/img/icons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"><link rel="mask-icon" href="/img/icons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#ffffff"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/img/icons/msapplication-icon-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000000"><script defer="defer" src="/static/js/chunk-vendors-legacy.037e71b7.js" nomodule></script><script defer="defer" src="/static/js/app-legacy.83532d44.js" nomodule></script></head><body><noscript><strong>We're sorry but platypush doesn't work properly without JavaScript enabled. Please enable it to continue.</strong></noscript><div id="app"></div></body></html>

platypush/backend/http/webapp/dist/static/js/4118-legacy.fdfd71bc.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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+//# sourceMappingURL=4118-legacy.fdfd71bc.js.map

platypush/backend/http/webapp/dist/static/js/4118-legacy.fdfd71bc.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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platypush/backend/http/webapp/dist/static/js/4118.eb9d25ca.js

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+//# sourceMappingURL=4118.eb9d25ca.js.map

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platypush/backend/http/webapp/dist/static/js/699-legacy.e258b653.js

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platypush/backend/http/webapp/dist/static/js/8184-legacy.73f24c6e.js

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platypush/backend/http/webapp/dist/static/js/9895-legacy.1fd296a4.js

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platypush/backend/http/webapp/src/components/panels/Camera/Index.vue

@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@
 
     <div class="audio-container">
       <audio autoplay preload="none" ref="player" v-if="audioOn">
-        <!--suppress HtmlUnknownTarget -->
+        <source :src="`/sound/stream.aac?t=${(new Date()).getTime()}`">
-        <source :src="`/sound/stream?t=${(new Date()).getTime()}`" type="audio/x-wav;codec=pcm">
         Your browser does not support audio elements
       </audio>
     </div>

platypush/backend/http/webapp/src/components/panels/Sound/Index.vue

@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
   <div class="sound">
     <div class="sound-container">
       <audio autoplay preload="none" ref="player" v-if="recording">
-        <!--suppress HtmlUnknownTarget -->
+        <source :src="`/sound/stream.aac?t=${(new Date()).getTime()}`">
-        <source :src="`/sound/stream?t=${(new Date()).getTime()}`" type="audio/x-wav;codec=pcm">
         Your browser does not support audio elements
       </audio>
     </div>

platypush/message/event/sound.py

@@ -1,65 +1,70 @@
+from abc import ABC
+from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union
 from platypush.message.event import Event
 
 
-class SoundEvent(Event):
+class SoundEvent(Event, ABC):
-    """ Base class for sound events """
+    """Base class for sound events"""
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self, *args, device: Optional[Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]] = None, **kwargs
+    ):
+        super().__init__(*args, device=device, **kwargs)
 
 
-class SoundPlaybackStartedEvent(SoundEvent):
+class SoundEventWithResource(SoundEvent, ABC):
+    """Base class for sound events with resource names attached"""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, resource: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, resource=resource, **kwargs)
+
+
+class SoundPlaybackStartedEvent(SoundEventWithResource):
     """
     Event triggered when a new sound playback starts
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, filename=None, *args, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(*args, filename=filename, **kwargs)
 
-
+class SoundPlaybackStoppedEvent(SoundEventWithResource):
-class SoundPlaybackStoppedEvent(SoundEvent):
     """
     Event triggered when the sound playback stops
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, filename=None, *args, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(*args, filename=filename, **kwargs)
 
-
+class SoundPlaybackPausedEvent(SoundEventWithResource):
-class SoundPlaybackPausedEvent(SoundEvent):
     """
     Event triggered when the sound playback pauses
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+class SoundPlaybackResumedEvent(SoundEventWithResource):
+    """
+    Event triggered when the sound playback resumsed from a paused state
+    """
 
 
-class SoundRecordingStartedEvent(SoundEvent):
+class SoundRecordingStartedEvent(SoundEventWithResource):
     """
     Event triggered when a new recording starts
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, filename=None, *args, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(*args, filename=filename, **kwargs)
 
-
+class SoundRecordingStoppedEvent(SoundEventWithResource):
-class SoundRecordingStoppedEvent(SoundEvent):
     """
     Event triggered when a sound recording stops
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, filename=None, *args, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(*args, filename=filename, **kwargs)
 
-
+class SoundRecordingPausedEvent(SoundEventWithResource):
-class SoundRecordingPausedEvent(SoundEvent):
     """
     Event triggered when a sound recording pauses
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+class SoundRecordingResumedEvent(SoundEvent):
+    """
+    Event triggered when a sound recording resumes from a paused state
+    """
 
 
 # vim:sw=4:ts=4:et:

platypush/plugins/camera/__init__.py

@@ -7,24 +7,43 @@ import time
 
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from contextlib import contextmanager
+from dataclasses import asdict
 from datetime import datetime
 from multiprocessing import Process
 from queue import Queue
-from typing import Optional, Union, Dict, Tuple, IO
+from typing import Generator, Optional, Union, Dict, Tuple, IO
 
 from platypush.config import Config
-from platypush.message.event.camera import CameraRecordingStartedEvent, CameraPictureTakenEvent, \
+from platypush.message.event.camera import (
-    CameraRecordingStoppedEvent, CameraVideoRenderedEvent
+    CameraRecordingStartedEvent,
+    CameraPictureTakenEvent,
+    CameraRecordingStoppedEvent,
+    CameraVideoRenderedEvent,
+)
 from platypush.plugins import Plugin, action
 from platypush.plugins.camera.model.camera import CameraInfo, Camera
-from platypush.plugins.camera.model.exceptions import CameraException, CaptureAlreadyRunningException
+from platypush.plugins.camera.model.exceptions import (
+    CameraException,
+    CaptureAlreadyRunningException,
+)
 from platypush.plugins.camera.model.writer import VideoWriter, StreamWriter
 from platypush.plugins.camera.model.writer.ffmpeg import FFmpegFileWriter
-from platypush.plugins.camera.model.writer.preview import PreviewWriter, PreviewWriterFactory
+from platypush.plugins.camera.model.writer.preview import (
+    PreviewWriter,
+    PreviewWriterFactory,
+)
 from platypush.utils import get_plugin_name_by_class
 
-__all__ = ['Camera', 'CameraInfo', 'CameraException', 'CameraPlugin', 'CaptureAlreadyRunningException',
+__all__ = [
-           'VideoWriter', 'StreamWriter', 'PreviewWriter']
+    'Camera',
+    'CameraInfo',
+    'CameraException',
+    'CameraPlugin',
+    'CaptureAlreadyRunningException',
+    'VideoWriter',
+    'StreamWriter',
+    'PreviewWriter',
+]
 
 
 class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
@@ -66,15 +85,32 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
     _camera_info_class = CameraInfo
     _video_writer_class = FFmpegFileWriter
 
-    def __init__(self, device: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None, resolution: Tuple[int, int] = (640, 480),
+    def __init__(
-                 frames_dir: Optional[str] = None, warmup_frames: int = 5, warmup_seconds: Optional[float] = 0.,
+        self,
-                 capture_timeout: Optional[float] = 20.0, scale_x: Optional[float] = None,
+        device: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None,
-                 scale_y: Optional[float] = None, rotate: Optional[float] = None, grayscale: Optional[bool] = None,
+        resolution: Tuple[int, int] = (640, 480),
-                 color_transform: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None, fps: float = 16, horizontal_flip: bool = False,
+        frames_dir: Optional[str] = None,
-                 vertical_flip: bool = False, input_format: Optional[str] = None, output_format: Optional[str] = None,
+        warmup_frames: int = 5,
-                 stream_format: str = 'mjpeg', listen_port: Optional[int] = 5000, bind_address: str = '0.0.0.0',
+        warmup_seconds: Optional[float] = 0.0,
-                 ffmpeg_bin: str = 'ffmpeg', input_codec: Optional[str] = None, output_codec: Optional[str] = None,
+        capture_timeout: Optional[float] = 20.0,
-                 **kwargs):
+        scale_x: Optional[float] = None,
+        scale_y: Optional[float] = None,
+        rotate: Optional[float] = None,
+        grayscale: Optional[bool] = None,
+        color_transform: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None,
+        fps: float = 16,
+        horizontal_flip: bool = False,
+        vertical_flip: bool = False,
+        input_format: Optional[str] = None,
+        output_format: Optional[str] = None,
+        stream_format: str = 'mjpeg',
+        listen_port: Optional[int] = 5000,
+        bind_address: str = '0.0.0.0',
+        ffmpeg_bin: str = 'ffmpeg',
+        input_codec: Optional[str] = None,
+        output_codec: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         """
         :param device: Identifier of the default capturing device.
         :param resolution: Default resolution, as a tuple of two integers.
@@ -117,22 +153,38 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
-        self.workdir = os.path.join(Config.get('workdir'), get_plugin_name_by_class(self))
+        workdir = Config.get('workdir')
+        plugin_name = get_plugin_name_by_class(self)
+        assert isinstance(workdir, str) and plugin_name
+        self.workdir = os.path.join(workdir, plugin_name)
         pathlib.Path(self.workdir).mkdir(mode=0o755, exist_ok=True, parents=True)
 
-        # noinspection PyArgumentList
+        self.camera_info = self._camera_info_class(
-        self.camera_info = self._camera_info_class(device, color_transform=color_transform, warmup_frames=warmup_frames,
+            device,
-                                                   warmup_seconds=warmup_seconds, rotate=rotate, scale_x=scale_x,
+            color_transform=color_transform,
-                                                   scale_y=scale_y, capture_timeout=capture_timeout, fps=fps,
+            warmup_frames=warmup_frames,
-                                                   input_format=input_format, output_format=output_format,
+            warmup_seconds=warmup_seconds or 0,
-                                                   stream_format=stream_format, resolution=resolution,
+            rotate=rotate,
-                                                   grayscale=grayscale, listen_port=listen_port,
+            scale_x=scale_x,
-                                                   horizontal_flip=horizontal_flip, vertical_flip=vertical_flip,
+            scale_y=scale_y,
-                                                   ffmpeg_bin=ffmpeg_bin, input_codec=input_codec,
+            capture_timeout=capture_timeout or 20,
-                                                   output_codec=output_codec, bind_address=bind_address,
+            fps=fps,
+            input_format=input_format,
+            output_format=output_format,
+            stream_format=stream_format,
+            resolution=resolution,
+            grayscale=grayscale,
+            listen_port=listen_port,
+            horizontal_flip=horizontal_flip,
+            vertical_flip=vertical_flip,
+            ffmpeg_bin=ffmpeg_bin,
+            input_codec=input_codec,
+            output_codec=output_codec,
+            bind_address=bind_address,
             frames_dir=os.path.abspath(
-                                                       os.path.expanduser(frames_dir or
+                os.path.expanduser(frames_dir or os.path.join(self.workdir, 'frames'))
-                                                                          os.path.join(self.workdir, 'frames'))))
+            ),
+        )
 
         self._devices: Dict[Union[int, str], Camera] = {}
         self._streams: Dict[Union[int, str], Camera] = {}
@@ -142,7 +194,13 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         merged_info.set(**info)
         return merged_info
 
-    def open_device(self, device: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None, stream: bool = False, **params) -> Camera:
+    def open_device(
+        self,
+        device: Optional[Union[int, str]],
+        stream: bool = False,
+        redis_queue: Optional[str] = None,
+        **params,
+    ) -> Camera:
         """
         Initialize and open a device.
 
@@ -160,25 +218,31 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         assert device is not None, 'No device specified/configured'
         if device in self._devices:
             camera = self._devices[device]
-            if camera.capture_thread and camera.capture_thread.is_alive() and camera.start_event.is_set():
+            if (
+                camera.capture_thread
+                and camera.capture_thread.is_alive()
+                and camera.start_event.is_set()
+            ):
                 raise CaptureAlreadyRunningException(device)
 
             camera.start_event.clear()
             camera.capture_thread = None
         else:
-            # noinspection PyArgumentList
             camera = self._camera_class(info=info)
 
         camera.info.set(**params)
         camera.object = self.prepare_device(camera)
 
-        if stream:
+        if stream and camera.info.stream_format:
             writer_class = StreamWriter.get_class_by_name(camera.info.stream_format)
-            camera.stream = writer_class(camera=camera, plugin=self)
+            camera.stream = writer_class(
+                camera=camera, plugin=self, redis_queue=redis_queue
+            )
 
         if camera.info.frames_dir:
-            pathlib.Path(os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(camera.info.frames_dir))).mkdir(
+            pathlib.Path(
-                mode=0o755, exist_ok=True, parents=True)
+                os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(camera.info.frames_dir))
+            ).mkdir(mode=0o755, exist_ok=True, parents=True)
 
         self._devices[device] = camera
         return camera
@@ -205,28 +269,42 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         :param camera: Camera object. ``camera.info.capture_timeout`` is used as a capture thread termination timeout
             if set.
         """
-        if camera.capture_thread and camera.capture_thread.is_alive() and \
+        if (
-                threading.get_ident() != camera.capture_thread.ident:
+            camera.capture_thread
+            and camera.capture_thread.is_alive()
+            and threading.get_ident() != camera.capture_thread.ident
+        ):
             try:
                 camera.capture_thread.join(timeout=camera.info.capture_timeout)
             except Exception as e:
-                self.logger.warning('Error on FFmpeg capture wait: {}'.format(str(e)))
+                self.logger.warning('Error on FFmpeg capture wait: %s', e)
 
     @contextmanager
-    def open(self, device: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None, stream: bool = None, **info) -> Camera:
+    def open(
+        self,
+        device: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        redis_queue: Optional[str] = None,
+        **info,
+    ) -> Generator[Camera, None, None]:
         """
         Initialize and open a device using a context manager pattern.
 
         :param device: Capture device by name, path or ID.
         :param stream: If set, the frames will be streamed to ``camera.stream``.
+        :param redis_queue: If set, the frames will be streamed to
+            ``redis_queue``.
         :param info: Camera parameters override - see constructors parameters.
         :return: The initialized :class:`platypush.plugins.camera.Camera` object.
         """
         camera = None
         try:
-            camera = self.open_device(device, stream=stream, **info)
+            camera = self.open_device(
+                device, stream=stream, redis_queue=redis_queue, **info
+            )
             yield camera
         finally:
+            if camera:
                 self.close_device(camera)
 
     @abstractmethod
@@ -256,7 +334,6 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    # noinspection PyShadowingBuiltins
     @staticmethod
     def store_frame(frame, filepath: str, format: Optional[str] = None):
         """
@@ -267,9 +344,10 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         :param format: Output format.
         """
         from PIL import Image
+
         if isinstance(frame, bytes):
             frame = list(frame)
-        elif not isinstance(frame, Image.Image):
+        if not isinstance(frame, Image.Image):
             frame = Image.fromarray(frame)
 
         save_args = {}
@@ -278,16 +356,28 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
 
         frame.save(filepath, **save_args)
 
-    def _store_frame(self, frame, frames_dir: Optional[str] = None, image_file: Optional[str] = None,
+    def _store_frame(
-                     *args, **kwargs) -> str:
+        self,
+        frame,
+        frames_dir: Optional[str] = None,
+        image_file: Optional[str] = None,
+        *args,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> str:
         """
         :meth:`.store_frame` wrapper.
         """
         if image_file:
             filepath = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(image_file))
         else:
-            filepath = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(
+            filepath = os.path.abspath(
-                os.path.join(frames_dir or '', datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S-%f.jpg'))))
+                os.path.expanduser(
+                    os.path.join(
+                        frames_dir or '',
+                        datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S-%f.jpg'),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
 
         pathlib.Path(filepath).parent.mkdir(mode=0o755, exist_ok=True, parents=True)
         self.store_frame(frame, filepath, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -295,7 +385,9 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
 
     def start_preview(self, camera: Camera):
         if camera.preview and not camera.preview.closed:
-            self.logger.info('A preview window is already active on device {}'.format(camera.info.device))
+            self.logger.info(
+                'A preview window is already active on device %s', camera.info.device
+            )
             return
 
         camera.preview = PreviewWriterFactory.get(camera, self)
@@ -315,7 +407,9 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
 
         camera.preview = None
 
-    def frame_processor(self, frame_queue: Queue, camera: Camera, image_file: Optional[str] = None):
+    def frame_processor(
+        self, frame_queue: Queue, camera: Camera, image_file: Optional[str] = None
+    ):
         while True:
             frame = frame_queue.get()
             if frame is None:
@@ -326,18 +420,31 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
                 frame = self.to_grayscale(frame)
 
             frame = self.rotate_frame(frame, camera.info.rotate)
-            frame = self.flip_frame(frame, camera.info.horizontal_flip, camera.info.vertical_flip)
+            frame = self.flip_frame(
+                frame, camera.info.horizontal_flip, camera.info.vertical_flip
+            )
             frame = self.scale_frame(frame, camera.info.scale_x, camera.info.scale_y)
 
             for output in camera.get_outputs():
                 output.write(frame)
 
             if camera.info.frames_dir or image_file:
-                self._store_frame(frame=frame, frames_dir=camera.info.frames_dir, image_file=image_file)
+                self._store_frame(
+                    frame=frame,
+                    frames_dir=camera.info.frames_dir,
+                    image_file=image_file,
+                )
 
-    def capturing_thread(self, camera: Camera, duration: Optional[float] = None, video_file: Optional[str] = None,
+    def capturing_thread(
-                         image_file: Optional[str] = None, n_frames: Optional[int] = None, preview: bool = False,
+        self,
-                         **kwargs):
+        camera: Camera,
+        duration: Optional[float] = None,
+        video_file: Optional[str] = None,
+        image_file: Optional[str] = None,
+        n_frames: Optional[int] = None,
+        preview: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         """
         Camera capturing thread.
 
@@ -366,25 +473,36 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         if duration and camera.info.warmup_seconds:
             duration = duration + camera.info.warmup_seconds
         if video_file:
-            camera.file_writer = self._video_writer_class(camera=camera, plugin=self, output_file=video_file)
+            camera.file_writer = self._video_writer_class(
+                camera=camera, plugin=self, output_file=video_file
+            )
 
         frame_queue = Queue()
-        frame_processor = threading.Thread(target=self.frame_processor,
+        frame_processor = threading.Thread(
-                                           kwargs=dict(frame_queue=frame_queue, camera=camera, image_file=image_file))
+            target=self.frame_processor,
+            kwargs={
+                'frame_queue': frame_queue,
+                'camera': camera,
+                'image_file': image_file,
+            },
+        )
         frame_processor.start()
         self.fire_event(CameraRecordingStartedEvent(**evt_args))
 
         try:
             while camera.start_event.is_set():
-                if (duration and time.time() - recording_started_time >= duration) \
+                if (duration and time.time() - recording_started_time >= duration) or (
-                        or (n_frames and captured_frames >= n_frames):
+                    n_frames and captured_frames >= n_frames
+                ):
                     break
 
                 frame_capture_start = time.time()
                 try:
                     frame = self.capture_frame(camera, **kwargs)
                     if not frame:
-                        self.logger.warning('Invalid frame received, terminating the capture session')
+                        self.logger.warning(
+                            'Invalid frame received, terminating the capture session'
+                        )
                         break
 
                     frame_queue.put(frame)
@@ -392,12 +510,20 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
                     self.logger.warning(str(e))
                     continue
 
-                if not n_frames or not camera.info.warmup_seconds or \
+                if (
-                        (time.time() - recording_started_time >= camera.info.warmup_seconds):
+                    not n_frames
+                    or not camera.info.warmup_seconds
+                    or (
+                        time.time() - recording_started_time
+                        >= camera.info.warmup_seconds
+                    )
+                ):
                     captured_frames += 1
 
                 if camera.info.fps:
-                    wait_time = (1. / camera.info.fps) - (time.time() - frame_capture_start)
+                    wait_time = (1.0 / camera.info.fps) - (
+                        time.time() - frame_capture_start
+                    )
                     if wait_time > 0:
                         time.sleep(wait_time)
         finally:
@@ -407,7 +533,7 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
                 try:
                     output.close()
                 except Exception as e:
-                    self.logger.warning('Could not close camera output: {}'.format(str(e)))
+                    self.logger.warning('Could not close camera output: %s', e)
 
             self.close_device(camera, wait_capture=False)
             frame_processor.join(timeout=5.0)
@@ -426,17 +552,26 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         :param camera: An initialized :class:`platypush.plugins.camera.Camera` object.
         :param preview: Show a preview of the camera frames.
         """
-        assert not (camera.capture_thread and camera.capture_thread.is_alive()), \
+        assert not (
-            'A capture session is already in progress'
+            camera.capture_thread and camera.capture_thread.is_alive()
+        ), 'A capture session is already in progress'
 
-        camera.capture_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.capturing_thread, args=(camera, *args),
+        camera.capture_thread = threading.Thread(
-                                                 kwargs={'preview': preview, **kwargs})
+            target=self.capturing_thread,
+            args=(camera, *args),
+            kwargs={'preview': preview, **kwargs},
+        )
         camera.capture_thread.start()
         camera.start_event.set()
 
     @action
-    def capture_video(self, duration: Optional[float] = None, video_file: Optional[str] = None, preview: bool = False,
+    def capture_video(
-                      **camera) -> Union[str, dict]:
+        self,
+        duration: Optional[float] = None,
+        video_file: Optional[str] = None,
+        preview: bool = False,
+        **camera,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[str, dict]]:
         """
         Capture a video.
 
@@ -448,14 +583,20 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
             to the recorded resource. Otherwise, it will return the status of the camera device after starting it.
         """
         camera = self.open_device(**camera)
-        self.start_camera(camera, duration=duration, video_file=video_file, frames_dir=None, image_file=None,
+        self.start_camera(
-                          preview=preview)
+            camera,
+            duration=duration,
+            video_file=video_file,
+            frames_dir=None,
+            image_file=None,
+            preview=preview,
+        )
 
         if duration:
             self.wait_capture(camera)
             return video_file
 
-        return self.status(camera.info.device)
+        return self.status(camera.info.device).output
 
     @action
     def stop_capture(self, device: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None):
@@ -465,12 +606,12 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         :param device: Name/path/ID of the device to stop (default: all the active devices).
         """
         devices = self._devices.copy()
-        stop_devices = list(devices.values())[:]
+        stop_devices = list(devices.values())
         if device:
             stop_devices = [self._devices[device]] if device in self._devices else []
 
-        for device in stop_devices:
+        for dev in stop_devices:
-            self.close_device(device)
+            self.close_device(dev)
 
     @action
     def capture_image(self, image_file: str, preview: bool = False, **camera) -> str:
@@ -484,15 +625,18 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         """
 
         with self.open(**camera) as camera:
-            warmup_frames = camera.info.warmup_frames if camera.info.warmup_frames else 1
+            warmup_frames = (
-            self.start_camera(camera, image_file=image_file, n_frames=warmup_frames, preview=preview)
+                camera.info.warmup_frames if camera.info.warmup_frames else 1
+            )
+            self.start_camera(
+                camera, image_file=image_file, n_frames=warmup_frames, preview=preview
+            )
             self.wait_capture(camera)
 
         return image_file
 
-    # noinspection PyUnusedLocal
     @action
-    def take_picture(self, image_file: str, preview: bool = False, **camera) -> str:
+    def take_picture(self, image_file: str, **camera) -> str:
         """
         Alias for :meth:`.capture_image`.
 
@@ -501,11 +645,16 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         :param preview: Show a preview of the camera frames.
         :return: The local path to the saved image.
         """
-        return self.capture_image(image_file, **camera)
+        return str(self.capture_image(image_file, **camera).output)
 
     @action
-    def capture_sequence(self, duration: Optional[float] = None, n_frames: Optional[int] = None, preview: bool = False,
+    def capture_sequence(
-                         **camera) -> str:
+        self,
+        duration: Optional[float] = None,
+        n_frames: Optional[int] = None,
+        preview: bool = False,
+        **camera,
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
         """
         Capture a sequence of frames from a camera and store them to a directory.
 
@@ -517,12 +666,16 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         :return: The directory where the image files have been stored.
         """
         with self.open(**camera) as camera:
-            self.start_camera(camera, duration=duration, n_frames=n_frames, preview=preview)
+            self.start_camera(
+                camera, duration=duration, n_frames=n_frames, preview=preview
+            )
             self.wait_capture(camera)
             return camera.info.frames_dir
 
     @action
-    def capture_preview(self, duration: Optional[float] = None, n_frames: Optional[int] = None, **camera) -> dict:
+    def capture_preview(
+        self, duration: Optional[float] = None, n_frames: Optional[int] = None, **camera
+    ) -> dict:
         """
         Start a camera preview session.
 
@@ -533,16 +686,18 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         """
         camera = self.open_device(frames_dir=None, **camera)
         self.start_camera(camera, duration=duration, n_frames=n_frames, preview=True)
-        return self.status(camera.info.device)
+        return self.status(camera.info.device)  # type: ignore
 
     @staticmethod
     def _prepare_server_socket(camera: Camera) -> socket.socket:
         server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
         server_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
-        server_socket.bind((  # lgtm [py/bind-socket-all-network-interfaces]
+        server_socket.bind(
+            (  # lgtm [py/bind-socket-all-network-interfaces]
                 camera.info.bind_address or '0.0.0.0',
-            camera.info.listen_port
+                camera.info.listen_port,
-        ))
+            )
+        )
         server_socket.listen(1)
         server_socket.settimeout(1)
         return server_socket
@@ -550,16 +705,18 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
     def _accept_client(self, server_socket: socket.socket) -> Optional[IO]:
         try:
             sock = server_socket.accept()[0]
-            self.logger.info('Accepted client connection from {}'.format(sock.getpeername()))
+            self.logger.info('Accepted client connection from %s', sock.getpeername())
             return sock.makefile('wb')
         except socket.timeout:
             return
 
-    def streaming_thread(self, camera: Camera, stream_format: str, duration: Optional[float] = None):
+    def streaming_thread(
+        self, camera: Camera, stream_format: str, duration: Optional[float] = None
+    ):
         streaming_started_time = time.time()
         server_socket = self._prepare_server_socket(camera)
         sock = None
-        self.logger.info('Starting streaming on port {}'.format(camera.info.listen_port))
+        self.logger.info('Starting streaming on port %s', camera.info.listen_port)
 
         try:
             while camera.stream_event.is_set():
@@ -571,36 +728,43 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
                     continue
 
                 if camera.info.device not in self._devices:
-                    info = camera.info.to_dict()
+                    info = asdict(camera.info)
                     info['stream_format'] = stream_format
                     camera = self.open_device(stream=True, **info)
 
+                assert camera.stream, 'No camera stream available'
                 camera.stream.sock = sock
-                self.start_camera(camera, duration=duration, frames_dir=None, image_file=None)
+                self.start_camera(
+                    camera, duration=duration, frames_dir=None, image_file=None
+                )
         finally:
             self._cleanup_stream(camera, server_socket, sock)
             self.logger.info('Stopped camera stream')
 
-    def _cleanup_stream(self, camera: Camera, server_socket: socket.socket, client: IO):
+    def _cleanup_stream(
+        self, camera: Camera, server_socket: socket.socket, client: Optional[IO]
+    ):
         if client:
             try:
                 client.close()
             except Exception as e:
-                self.logger.warning('Error on client socket close: {}'.format(str(e)))
+                self.logger.warning('Error on client socket close: %s', e)
 
         try:
             server_socket.close()
         except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.warning('Error on server socket close: {}'.format(str(e)))
+            self.logger.warning('Error on server socket close: %s', e)
 
         if camera.stream:
             try:
                 camera.stream.close()
             except Exception as e:
-                self.logger.warning('Error while closing the encoding stream: {}'.format(str(e)))
+                self.logger.warning('Error while closing the encoding stream: %s', e)
 
     @action
-    def start_streaming(self, duration: Optional[float] = None, stream_format: str = 'mkv', **camera) -> dict:
+    def start_streaming(
+        self, duration: Optional[float] = None, stream_format: str = 'mkv', **camera
+    ) -> dict:
         """
         Expose the video stream of a camera over a TCP connection.
 
@@ -610,18 +774,28 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         :return: The status of the device.
         """
         camera = self.open_device(stream=True, stream_format=stream_format, **camera)
-        return self._start_streaming(camera, duration, stream_format)
+        return self._start_streaming(camera, duration, stream_format)  # type: ignore
 
-    def _start_streaming(self, camera: Camera, duration: Optional[float], stream_format: str):
+    def _start_streaming(
+        self, camera: Camera, duration: Optional[float], stream_format: str
+    ):
         assert camera.info.listen_port, 'No listen_port specified/configured'
-        assert not camera.stream_event.is_set() and camera.info.device not in self._streams, \
+        assert (
-            'A streaming session is already running for device {}'.format(camera.info.device)
+            not camera.stream_event.is_set() and camera.info.device not in self._streams
+        ), f'A streaming session is already running for device {camera.info.device}'
+        assert camera.info.device, 'No device name available'
 
         self._streams[camera.info.device] = camera
         camera.stream_event.set()
 
-        camera.stream_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.streaming_thread, kwargs=dict(
+        camera.stream_thread = threading.Thread(
-            camera=camera, duration=duration, stream_format=stream_format))
+            target=self.streaming_thread,
+            kwargs={
+                'camera': camera,
+                'duration': duration,
+                'stream_format': stream_format,
+            },
+        )
         camera.stream_thread.start()
         return self.status(camera.info.device)
 
@@ -633,12 +807,12 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         :param device: Name/path/ID of the device to stop (default: all the active devices).
         """
         streams = self._streams.copy()
-        stop_devices = list(streams.values())[:]
+        stop_devices = list(streams.values())
         if device:
             stop_devices = [self._streams[device]] if device in self._streams else []
 
-        for device in stop_devices:
+        for dev in stop_devices:
-            self._stop_streaming(device)
+            self._stop_streaming(dev)
 
     def _stop_streaming(self, camera: Camera):
         camera.stream_event.clear()
@@ -654,11 +828,18 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
             return {}
 
         return {
-            **camera.info.to_dict(),
+            **asdict(camera.info),
-            'active': True if camera.capture_thread and camera.capture_thread.is_alive() else False,
+            'active': bool(camera.capture_thread and camera.capture_thread.is_alive()),
-            'capturing': True if camera.capture_thread and camera.capture_thread.is_alive() and
+            'capturing': bool(
-            camera.start_event.is_set() else False,
+                camera.capture_thread
-            'streaming': camera.stream_thread and camera.stream_thread.is_alive() and camera.stream_event.is_set(),
+                and camera.capture_thread.is_alive()
+                and camera.start_event.is_set()
+            ),
+            'streaming': (
+                camera.stream_thread
+                and camera.stream_thread.is_alive()
+                and camera.stream_event.is_set()
+            ),
         }
 
     @action
@@ -670,10 +851,7 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         if device:
             return self._status(device)
 
-        return {
+        return {id: self._status(id) for id in self._devices}
-            id: self._status(device)
-            for id, camera in self._devices.items()
-        }
 
     @staticmethod
     def transform_frame(frame, color_transform):
@@ -690,6 +868,7 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         :param frame: Image frame (default: a ``PIL.Image`` object).
         """
         from PIL import ImageOps
+
         return ImageOps.grayscale(frame)
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -724,7 +903,9 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         return frame
 
     @staticmethod
-    def scale_frame(frame, scale_x: Optional[float] = None, scale_y: Optional[float] = None):
+    def scale_frame(
+        frame, scale_x: Optional[float] = None, scale_y: Optional[float] = None
+    ):
         """
         Frame scaling logic. The default implementation assumes that frame is a ``PIL.Image`` object.
 
@@ -733,6 +914,7 @@ class CameraPlugin(Plugin, ABC):
         :param scale_y: Y-scale factor.
         """
         from PIL import Image
+
         if not (scale_x and scale_y) or (scale_x == 1 and scale_y == 1):
             return frame
 

platypush/plugins/camera/model/camera.py

@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 import math
 import threading
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass
 from typing import Optional, Union, Tuple, Set
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from platypush.plugins.camera.model.writer import StreamWriter, VideoWriter, FileVideoWriter
+from platypush.plugins.camera.model.writer import (
+    StreamWriter,
+    VideoWriter,
+    FileVideoWriter,
+)
 from platypush.plugins.camera.model.writer.preview import PreviewWriter
 
 
@@ -13,8 +17,8 @@ from platypush.plugins.camera.model.writer.preview import PreviewWriter
 class CameraInfo:
     device: Optional[Union[int, str]]
     bind_address: Optional[str] = None
-    capture_timeout: float = 20.0
+    capture_timeout: float = 0
-    color_transform: Optional[str] = None
+    color_transform: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None
     ffmpeg_bin: Optional[str] = None
     fps: Optional[float] = None
     frames_dir: Optional[str] = None
@@ -32,42 +36,15 @@ class CameraInfo:
     stream_format: Optional[str] = None
     vertical_flip: bool = False
     warmup_frames: int = 0
-    warmup_seconds: float = 0.
+    warmup_seconds: float = 0
 
     def set(self, **kwargs):
         for k, v in kwargs.items():
             if hasattr(self, k):
                 setattr(self, k, v)
 
-    def to_dict(self) -> dict:
-        return {
-            'bind_address': self.bind_address,
-            'capture_timeout': self.capture_timeout,
-            'color_transform': self.color_transform,
-            'device': self.device,
-            'ffmpeg_bin': self.ffmpeg_bin,
-            'fps': self.fps,
-            'frames_dir': self.frames_dir,
-            'grayscale': self.grayscale,
-            'horizontal_flip': self.horizontal_flip,
-            'input_codec': self.input_codec,
-            'input_format': self.input_format,
-            'listen_port': self.listen_port,
-            'output_codec': self.output_codec,
-            'output_format': self.output_format,
-            'resolution': list(self.resolution or ()),
-            'rotate': self.rotate,
-            'scale_x': self.scale_x,
-            'scale_y': self.scale_y,
-            'stream_format': self.stream_format,
-            'vertical_flip': self.vertical_flip,
-            'warmup_frames': self.warmup_frames,
-            'warmup_seconds': self.warmup_seconds,
-        }
-
     def clone(self):
-        # noinspection PyArgumentList
+        return self.__class__(**asdict(self))
-        return self.__class__(**self.to_dict())
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -97,10 +74,15 @@ class Camera:
         return writers
 
     def effective_resolution(self) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+        """
+        Calculates the effective resolution of the camera in pixels, taking
+        into account the base resolution, the scale and the rotation.
+        """
+        assert self.info.resolution, 'No base resolution specified'
         rot = (self.info.rotate or 0) * math.pi / 180
         sin = math.sin(rot)
         cos = math.cos(rot)
-        scale = np.array([[self.info.scale_x or 1., self.info.scale_y or 1.]])
+        scale = np.array([[self.info.scale_x or 1.0, self.info.scale_y or 1.0]])
         resolution = np.array([[self.info.resolution[0], self.info.resolution[1]]])
         rot_matrix = np.array([[sin, cos], [cos, sin]])
         resolution = (scale * abs(np.cross(rot_matrix, resolution)))[0]

platypush/plugins/camera/model/writer/__init__.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import io
 import logging
+import multiprocessing
 import os
-import threading
 import time
 
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ from typing import Optional, IO
 
 from PIL.Image import Image
 
+from platypush.utils import get_redis
+
 
 class VideoWriter(ABC):
     """
@@ -26,11 +28,11 @@ class VideoWriter(ABC):
         self.closed = False
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def write(self, img: Image):
+    def write(self, image: Image):
         """
         Write an image to the channel.
 
-        :param img: PIL Image instance.
+        :param image: PIL Image instance.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ class VideoWriter(ABC):
         """
         return self
 
-    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+    def __exit__(self, *_, **__):
         """
         Context manager-based interface.
         """
@@ -60,8 +62,9 @@ class FileVideoWriter(VideoWriter, ABC):
     """
     Abstract class to handle frames-to-video file operations.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *args, output_file: str, **kwargs):
-        VideoWriter.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
         self.output_file = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(output_file))
 
 
@@ -69,12 +72,20 @@ class StreamWriter(VideoWriter, ABC):
     """
     Abstract class for camera streaming operations.
     """
-    def __init__(self, *args, sock: Optional[IO] = None, **kwargs):
+
-        VideoWriter.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args,
+        sock: Optional[IO] = None,
+        redis_queue: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.frame: Optional[bytes] = None
         self.frame_time: Optional[float] = None
         self.buffer = io.BytesIO()
-        self.ready = threading.Condition()
+        self.ready = multiprocessing.Condition()
+        self.redis_queue = redis_queue
         self.sock = sock
 
     def write(self, image: Image):
@@ -101,6 +112,9 @@ class StreamWriter(VideoWriter, ABC):
                 self.logger.info('Client connection closed')
                 self.close()
 
+        if self.redis_queue:
+            get_redis().publish(self.redis_queue, data)
+
     @abstractmethod
     def encode(self, image: Image) -> bytes:
         """
@@ -117,16 +131,20 @@ class StreamWriter(VideoWriter, ABC):
             try:
                 self.sock.close()
             except Exception as e:
-                self.logger.warning('Could not close camera resource: {}'.format(str(e)))
+                self.logger.warning('Could not close camera resource: %s', e)
 
         super().close()
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_class_by_name(name: str):
         from platypush.plugins.camera.model.writer.index import StreamHandlers
+
         name = name.upper()
-        assert hasattr(StreamHandlers, name), 'No such stream handler: {}. Supported types: {}'.format(
+        assert hasattr(
-            name, [hndl.name for hndl in list(StreamHandlers)])
+            StreamHandlers, name
+        ), f'No such stream handler: {name}. Supported types: ' + (
+            ', '.join([hndl.name for hndl in list(StreamHandlers)])
+        )
 
         return getattr(StreamHandlers, name).value
 

platypush/plugins/camera/model/writer/ffmpeg.py

@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ from typing import Optional, Tuple
 from PIL.Image import Image
 
 from platypush.plugins.camera.model.camera import Camera
-from platypush.plugins.camera.model.writer import VideoWriter, FileVideoWriter, StreamWriter
+from platypush.plugins.camera.model.writer import (
+    VideoWriter,
+    FileVideoWriter,
+    StreamWriter,
+)
 
 
 class FFmpegWriter(VideoWriter, ABC):
@@ -16,9 +20,17 @@ class FFmpegWriter(VideoWriter, ABC):
     Generic FFmpeg encoder for camera frames.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, input_file: str = '-', input_format: str = 'rawvideo', output_file: str = '-',
+    def __init__(
-                 output_format: Optional[str] = None, pix_fmt: Optional[str] = None,
+        self,
-                 output_opts: Optional[Tuple] = None, **kwargs):
+        *args,
+        input_file: str = '-',
+        input_format: str = 'rawvideo',
+        output_file: str = '-',
+        output_format: Optional[str] = None,
+        pix_fmt: Optional[str] = None,
+        output_opts: Optional[Tuple] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
         self.input_file = input_file
@@ -29,21 +41,34 @@ class FFmpegWriter(VideoWriter, ABC):
         self.pix_fmt = pix_fmt
         self.output_opts = output_opts or ()
 
-        self.logger.info('Starting FFmpeg. Command: {}'.format(' '.join(self.ffmpeg_args)))
+        self.logger.info('Starting FFmpeg. Command: ' + ' '.join(self.ffmpeg_args))
-        self.ffmpeg = subprocess.Popen(self.ffmpeg_args, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.ffmpeg = subprocess.Popen(
+            self.ffmpeg_args, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
+        )
 
     @property
     def ffmpeg_args(self):
-        return [self.camera.info.ffmpeg_bin, '-y',
+        return [
-                '-f', self.input_format,
+            self.camera.info.ffmpeg_bin,
+            '-y',
+            '-f',
+            self.input_format,
             *(('-pix_fmt', self.pix_fmt) if self.pix_fmt else ()),
-                '-s', '{}x{}'.format(self.width, self.height),
+            '-s',
-                '-r', str(self.camera.info.fps),
+            f'{self.width}x{self.height}',
-                '-i', self.input_file,
+            '-r',
+            str(self.camera.info.fps),
+            '-i',
+            self.input_file,
             *(('-f', self.output_format) if self.output_format else ()),
             *self.output_opts,
-                *(('-vcodec', self.camera.info.output_codec) if self.camera.info.output_codec else ()),
+            *(
-                self.output_file]
+                ('-vcodec', self.camera.info.output_codec)
+                if self.camera.info.output_codec
+                else ()
+            ),
+            self.output_file,
+        ]
 
     def is_closed(self):
         return self.closed or not self.ffmpeg or self.ffmpeg.poll() is not None
@@ -55,7 +80,7 @@ class FFmpegWriter(VideoWriter, ABC):
         try:
             self.ffmpeg.stdin.write(image.convert('RGB').tobytes())
         except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.warning('FFmpeg send error: {}'.format(str(e)))
+            self.logger.warning('FFmpeg send error: %s', e)
             self.close()
 
     def close(self):
@@ -63,7 +88,7 @@ class FFmpegWriter(VideoWriter, ABC):
             if self.ffmpeg and self.ffmpeg.stdin:
                 try:
                     self.ffmpeg.stdin.close()
-                except (IOError, OSError):
+                except OSError:
                     pass
 
             if self.ffmpeg:
@@ -77,7 +102,7 @@ class FFmpegWriter(VideoWriter, ABC):
             if self.ffmpeg and self.ffmpeg.stdout:
                 try:
                     self.ffmpeg.stdout.close()
-                except (IOError, OSError):
+                except OSError:
                     pass
 
         self.ffmpeg = None
@@ -98,10 +123,26 @@ class FFmpegStreamWriter(StreamWriter, FFmpegWriter, ABC):
     Stream camera frames using FFmpeg.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, output_format: str, output_opts: Optional[Tuple] = None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
-        super().__init__(*args, pix_fmt='rgb24', output_format=output_format, output_opts=output_opts or (
+        self, *args, output_format: str, output_opts: Optional[Tuple] = None, **kwargs
-            '-tune', 'zerolatency', '-preset', 'superfast', '-trellis', '0',
+    ):
-            '-fflags', 'nobuffer'), **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(
+            *args,
+            pix_fmt='rgb24',
+            output_format=output_format,
+            output_opts=output_opts
+            or (
+                '-tune',
+                'zerolatency',
+                '-preset',
+                'superfast',
+                '-trellis',
+                '0',
+                '-fflags',
+                'nobuffer',
+            ),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
         self._reader = threading.Thread(target=self._reader_thread)
         self._reader.start()
 
@@ -115,7 +156,7 @@ class FFmpegStreamWriter(StreamWriter, FFmpegWriter, ABC):
             try:
                 data = self.ffmpeg.stdout.read(1 << 15)
             except Exception as e:
-                self.logger.warning('FFmpeg reader error: {}'.format(str(e)))
+                self.logger.warning('FFmpeg reader error: %s', e)
                 break
 
             if not data:
@@ -123,7 +164,7 @@ class FFmpegStreamWriter(StreamWriter, FFmpegWriter, ABC):
 
             if self.frame is None:
                 latency = time.time() - start_time
-                self.logger.info('FFmpeg stream latency: {} secs'.format(latency))
+                self.logger.info('FFmpeg stream latency: %d secs', latency)
 
             with self.ready:
                 self.frame = data
@@ -140,12 +181,16 @@ class FFmpegStreamWriter(StreamWriter, FFmpegWriter, ABC):
         try:
             self.ffmpeg.stdin.write(data)
         except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.warning('FFmpeg send error: {}'.format(str(e)))
+            self.logger.warning('FFmpeg send error: %s', e)
             self.close()
 
     def close(self):
         super().close()
-        if self._reader and self._reader.is_alive() and threading.get_ident() != self._reader.ident:
+        if (
+            self._reader
+            and self._reader.is_alive()
+            and threading.get_ident() != self._reader.ident
+        ):
             self._reader.join(timeout=5.0)
             self._reader = None
 

platypush/plugins/sound/_converters/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from ._base import AudioConverter
+from ._from_raw import RawInputAudioConverter
+from ._to_raw import RawOutputAudioConverter, RawOutputAudioFromFileConverter
+
+__all__ = [
+    'AudioConverter',
+    'RawInputAudioConverter',
+    'RawOutputAudioConverter',
+    'RawOutputAudioFromFileConverter',
+]

platypush/plugins/sound/_converters/_base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+import asyncio
+from asyncio.subprocess import PIPE
+from logging import getLogger
+from queue import Empty, Queue
+from threading import Event, RLock, Thread
+from typing import Any, Callable, Coroutine, Iterable, Optional, Self
+
+from platypush.context import get_or_create_event_loop
+
+_dtype_to_ffmpeg_format = {
+    'int8': 's8',
+    'uint8': 'u8',
+    'int16': 's16le',
+    'uint16': 'u16le',
+    'int32': 's32le',
+    'uint32': 'u32le',
+    'float32': 'f32le',
+    'float64': 'f64le',
+}
+"""
+Supported raw types:
+    'int8', 'uint8', 'int16', 'uint16', 'int32', 'uint32', 'float32', 'float64'
+"""
+
+
+class AudioConverter(Thread, ABC):
+    """
+    Base class for an ffmpeg audio converter instance.
+    """
+
+    _format_to_ffmpeg_args = {
+        'wav': ('-f', 'wav'),
+        'ogg': ('-f', 'ogg'),
+        'mp3': ('-f', 'mp3'),
+        'aac': ('-f', 'adts'),
+        'flac': ('-f', 'flac'),
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args,
+        ffmpeg_bin: str,
+        sample_rate: int,
+        channels: int,
+        volume: float,
+        dtype: str,
+        chunk_size: int,
+        format: Optional[str] = None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+        on_exit: Optional[Callable[[], Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        :param ffmpeg_bin: Path to the ffmpeg binary.
+        :param sample_rate: The sample rate of the input/output audio.
+        :param channels: The number of channels of the input/output audio.
+        :param volume: Audio volume, as a percentage between 0 and 100.
+        :param dtype: The (numpy) data type of the raw input/output audio.
+        :param chunk_size: Number of bytes that will be read at once from the
+            ffmpeg process.
+        :param format: Input/output audio format.
+        :param on_exit: Function to call when the ffmpeg process exits.
+        """
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        ffmpeg_format = _dtype_to_ffmpeg_format.get(dtype)
+        assert ffmpeg_format, (
+            f'Unsupported data type: {dtype}. Supported data types: '
+            f'{list(_dtype_to_ffmpeg_format.keys())}'
+        )
+
+        self._ffmpeg_bin = ffmpeg_bin
+        self._ffmpeg_format = ffmpeg_format
+        self._ffmpeg_task: Optional[Coroutine] = None
+        self._sample_rate = sample_rate
+        self._channels = channels
+        self._chunk_size = chunk_size
+        self._format = format
+        self._closed = False
+        self._out_queue = Queue()
+        self.ffmpeg = None
+        self.volume = volume
+        self.logger = getLogger(__name__)
+        self._loop = None
+        self._should_stop = Event()
+        self._stop_lock = RLock()
+        self._on_exit = on_exit
+        self._ffmpeg_terminated = Event()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        """
+        Audio converter context manager.
+
+        It starts and registers the ffmpeg converter process.
+        """
+        self.start()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *_, **__):
+        """
+        Audio converter context manager.
+
+        It stops and unregisters the ffmpeg converter process.
+        """
+        self.stop()
+
+    def _check_ffmpeg(self):
+        assert not self.terminated, 'The ffmpeg process has already terminated'
+
+    @property
+    def gain(self) -> float:
+        return self.volume / 100
+
+    @property
+    def terminated(self) -> bool:
+        return self._ffmpeg_terminated.is_set()
+
+    @property
+    def _default_args(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        """
+        Set of arguments common to all ffmpeg converter instances.
+        """
+        return ('-hide_banner', '-loglevel', 'warning', '-y')
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _input_format_args(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        """
+        Ffmpeg audio input arguments.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _output_format_args(self):
+        """
+        Ffmpeg audio output arguments.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def _channel_layout_args(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        """
+        Set of extra ffmpeg arguments for the channel layout.
+        """
+        args = ('-ac', str(self._channels))
+        if self._channels == 1:
+            return args + ('-channel_layout', 'mono')
+        if self._channels == 2:
+            return args + ('-channel_layout', 'stereo')
+        return args
+
+    @property
+    def _raw_ffmpeg_args(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        """
+        Ffmpeg arguments for raw audio input/output given the current
+        configuration.
+        """
+        return (
+            '-f',
+            self._ffmpeg_format,
+            '-ar',
+            str(self._sample_rate),
+            *self._channel_layout_args,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _audio_volume_args(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        """
+        Ffmpeg audio volume arguments.
+        """
+        return ('-filter:a', f'volume={self.gain}')
+
+    @property
+    def _input_source_args(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        """
+        Default arguments for the ffmpeg input source (default: ``-i pipe:``,
+        ffmpeg will read from a pipe filled by the application).
+        """
+        return ('-i', 'pipe:')
+
+    @property
+    def _output_target_args(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        """
+        Default arguments for the ffmpeg output target (default: ``pipe:``,
+        ffmpeg will write the output to a pipe read by the application).
+        """
+        return ('pipe:',)
+
+    @property
+    def _converter_stdin(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        """
+        Default stdin file descriptor to be used by the ffmpeg converter.
+
+        Default: ``PIPE``, as the ffmpeg process by default reads audio frames
+        from the stdin.
+        """
+        return PIPE
+
+    @property
+    def _compressed_ffmpeg_args(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        """
+        Ffmpeg arguments for the compressed audio given the current
+        configuration.
+        """
+        if not self._format:
+            return ()
+
+        ffmpeg_args = self._format_to_ffmpeg_args.get(self._format)
+        assert ffmpeg_args, (
+            f'Unsupported output format: {self._format}. Supported formats: '
+            f'{list(self._format_to_ffmpeg_args.keys())}'
+        )
+
+        return ffmpeg_args
+
+    async def _audio_proxy(self, timeout: Optional[float] = None):
+        """
+        Proxy the converted audio stream to the output queue for downstream
+        consumption.
+        """
+        ffmpeg_args = (
+            self._ffmpeg_bin,
+            *self._default_args,
+            *self._input_format_args,
+            *self._input_source_args,
+            *self._output_format_args,
+            *self._output_target_args,
+        )
+
+        self.ffmpeg = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
+            *ffmpeg_args,
+            stdin=self._converter_stdin,
+            stdout=PIPE,
+        )
+
+        self.logger.info('Running ffmpeg: %s', ' '.join(ffmpeg_args))
+
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(self.ffmpeg.wait(), 0.1)
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            pass
+
+        while (
+            self._loop
+            and self.ffmpeg
+            and self.ffmpeg.returncode is None
+            and not self.should_stop
+        ):
+            self._check_ffmpeg()
+            assert (
+                self.ffmpeg and self.ffmpeg.stdout
+            ), 'The stdout is closed for the ffmpeg process'
+
+            self._ffmpeg_terminated.clear()
+            try:
+                data = await asyncio.wait_for(
+                    self.ffmpeg.stdout.read(self._chunk_size), timeout
+                )
+                self._out_queue.put(data)
+            except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+                self._out_queue.put(b'')
+
+    def write(self, data: bytes):
+        """
+        Write raw data to the ffmpeg process.
+        """
+        self._check_ffmpeg()
+        assert (
+            self.ffmpeg and self._loop and self.ffmpeg.stdin
+        ), 'The stdin is closed for the ffmpeg process'
+
+        self._loop.call_soon_threadsafe(self.ffmpeg.stdin.write, data)
+
+    def read(self, timeout: Optional[float] = None) -> Optional[bytes]:
+        """
+        Read the next chunk of converted audio bytes from the converter queue.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._out_queue.get(timeout=timeout)
+        except Empty:
+            return None
+
+    def run(self):
+        """
+        Main runner. It runs the audio proxy in a loop and cleans up everything
+        in case of stop/failure.
+        """
+        super().run()
+        self._loop = get_or_create_event_loop()
+        try:
+            self._ffmpeg_task = self._audio_proxy(timeout=1)
+            self._loop.run_until_complete(self._ffmpeg_task)
+        except RuntimeError as e:
+            self.logger.warning(e)
+        finally:
+            self.stop()
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """
+        Sets the stop event, kills the ffmpeg process and resets the context.
+        """
+        with self._stop_lock:
+            self._should_stop.set()
+            if self._ffmpeg_task:
+                self._ffmpeg_task.close()
+                self._ffmpeg_task = None
+
+            try:
+                if self.ffmpeg and self.ffmpeg.returncode is None:
+                    self.ffmpeg.kill()
+            except ProcessLookupError:
+                pass
+
+            self.ffmpeg = None
+            self._loop = None
+
+        self._ffmpeg_terminated.set()
+
+        if self._on_exit:
+            self._on_exit()
+
+    @property
+    def should_stop(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Proxy property for the ``_should_stop`` event.
+        """
+        return self._should_stop.is_set()
+
+
+# vim:sw=4:ts=4:et:

platypush/plugins/sound/_converters/_from_raw.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from ._base import AudioConverter
+
+
+class RawInputAudioConverter(AudioConverter):
+    """
+    Converts raw audio input to a compressed media format.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _input_format_args(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        return self._raw_ffmpeg_args
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _output_format_args(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        return self._compressed_ffmpeg_args
+
+
+# vim:sw=4:ts=4:et:

platypush/plugins/sound/_converters/_to_raw.py

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from ._base import AudioConverter
+
+
+class RawOutputAudioConverter(AudioConverter):
+    """
+    Converts input audio to raw audio output.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _input_format_args(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        return self._compressed_ffmpeg_args
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _output_format_args(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        return self._raw_ffmpeg_args
+
+
+class RawOutputAudioFromFileConverter(RawOutputAudioConverter):
+    """
+    Converts an input file to raw audio output.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, infile: str, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.infile = infile
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _input_source_args(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        return ('-i', self.infile)
+
+
+# vim:sw=4:ts=4:et:

platypush/plugins/sound/_manager/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from ._main import AudioManager
+
+__all__ = ["AudioManager"]

platypush/plugins/sound/_manager/_device.py

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+import sounddevice as sd
+
+from .._model import AudioDevice, DeviceType, StreamType
+
+
+class DeviceManager:
+    """
+    The device manager is responsible for managing the virtual audio device
+    abstractions exposed by the OS.
+
+    For example, on a pure ALSA system virtual devices are usually mapped the
+    physical audio devices available on the system.
+
+    On a system that runs through PulseAudio or Jack, there may be a
+    ``default`` virtual device whose sound card mappings may be managed by the
+    audio server.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        input_device: Optional[DeviceType] = None,
+        output_device: Optional[DeviceType] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        :param input_device: The default input device to use (by index or name).
+        :param output_device: The default output device to use (by index or name).
+        """
+        self.input_device = (
+            self.get_device(input_device, StreamType.INPUT)
+            if input_device is not None
+            else None
+        )
+
+        self.output_device = (
+            self.get_device(output_device, StreamType.OUTPUT)
+            if output_device is not None
+            else None
+        )
+
+    def get_devices(
+        self, type: Optional[StreamType] = None  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+    ) -> List[AudioDevice]:
+        """
+        Get available audio devices.
+
+        :param type: The type of devices to filter (default: return all).
+        """
+        devices: List[dict] = sd.query_devices()  # type: ignore
+        if type:
+            devices = [dev for dev in devices if dev.get(f'max_{type.value}_channels')]
+
+        return [AudioDevice(**info) for info in devices]
+
+    def get_device(
+        self,
+        device: Optional[DeviceType] = None,
+        type: Optional[StreamType] = None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+    ) -> AudioDevice:
+        """
+        Search for a device.
+
+        Either ``device`` or ``type`` have to be specified.
+
+        :param device: The device to search for, either by index or name. If
+            not specified, then the default device for the given type is
+            returned.
+        :param type: The type of the device to search.
+        """
+        assert device or type, 'Please specify either device or type'
+        if device is None:
+            if type == StreamType.INPUT and self.input_device is not None:
+                return self.input_device
+            if type == StreamType.OUTPUT and self.output_device is not None:
+                return self.output_device
+
+        try:
+            info: dict = sd.query_devices(
+                kind=type.value if type else None, device=device  # type: ignore
+            )
+        except sd.PortAudioError as e:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                f'Could not get device for type={type} and device={device}: {e}',
+                type,
+                device,
+                e,
+            ) from e
+
+        assert info, f'No such device: {device}'
+        return AudioDevice(**info)

platypush/plugins/sound/_manager/_main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+from logging import getLogger
+import os
+import stat
+from threading import Event
+from time import time
+from typing import Iterable, List, Optional, Union
+
+from .._model import AudioDevice, DeviceType, StreamType
+from .._streams import AudioPlayer, AudioRecorder, AudioThread
+from ._device import DeviceManager
+from ._stream import StreamManager
+
+
+class AudioManager:
+    """
+    The audio manager is responsible for managing multiple audio controllers and
+    their access to audio resources.
+
+    It main purpose is to act as a proxy/facade between the high-level audio
+    plugin and the audio functionalities (allocating streams, managing the state
+    of the player and recorder processes, etc.).
+    """
+
+    _default_signal_timeout = 2
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        should_stop: Event,
+        input_blocksize: int,
+        output_blocksize: int,
+        input_device: Optional[DeviceType] = None,
+        output_device: Optional[DeviceType] = None,
+        queue_size: Optional[int] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        :param should_stop: Event to synchronize the audio manager stop.
+        :param input_blocksize: Block size for the input stream.
+        :param output_blocksize: Block size for the output stream.
+        :param input_device: Default device to use for the input stream.
+        :param output_device: Default device to use for the output stream.
+        :param queue_size: Maximum size of the audio queues.
+        """
+        self._should_stop = should_stop
+        self._device_manager = DeviceManager(
+            input_device=input_device, output_device=output_device
+        )
+
+        self._stream_manager = StreamManager(device_manager=self._device_manager)
+        self.logger = getLogger(__name__)
+        self.input_blocksize = input_blocksize
+        self.output_blocksize = output_blocksize
+        self.queue_size = queue_size
+
+    def create_player(
+        self,
+        device: DeviceType,
+        channels: int,
+        volume: float,
+        infile: Optional[str] = None,
+        sound: Optional[Union[dict, Iterable[dict]]] = None,
+        duration: Optional[float] = None,
+        sample_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+        dtype: str = 'int16',
+        blocksize: Optional[int] = None,
+        latency: Union[float, str] = 'high',
+        stream_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> AudioPlayer:
+        """
+        Create an audio player thread.
+
+        :param device: Audio device to use.
+        :param channels: Number of output channels.
+        :param volume: Output volume, between 0 and 100.
+        :param infile: File or URL to play.
+        :param sound: Alternatively to a file/URL, you can play synthetic
+            sounds.
+        :param duration: Duration of the stream in seconds.
+        :param sample_rate: Sample rate of the stream.
+        :param dtype: Data type of the stream.
+        :param blocksize: Block size of the stream.
+        :param latency: Latency of the stream.
+        :param stream_name: Name of the stream.
+        """
+        dev = self._device_manager.get_device(device, type=StreamType.OUTPUT)
+        player = AudioPlayer.build(
+            device=device,
+            infile=infile,
+            sound=sound,
+            duration=duration,
+            volume=volume,
+            sample_rate=sample_rate or dev.default_samplerate,
+            dtype=dtype,
+            blocksize=blocksize or self.output_blocksize,
+            latency=latency,
+            channels=channels,
+            queue_size=self.queue_size,
+            should_stop=self._should_stop,
+        )
+
+        self._stream_manager.register(
+            player, dev, StreamType.OUTPUT, stream_name=stream_name
+        )
+        return player
+
+    def create_recorder(
+        self,
+        device: DeviceType,
+        output_device: Optional[DeviceType] = None,
+        fifo: Optional[str] = None,
+        outfile: Optional[str] = None,
+        duration: Optional[float] = None,
+        sample_rate: Optional[int] = None,
+        dtype: str = 'int16',
+        blocksize: Optional[int] = None,
+        latency: Union[float, str] = 'high',
+        channels: int = 1,
+        volume: float = 100,
+        redis_queue: Optional[str] = None,
+        format: str = 'wav',  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+        stream: bool = True,
+        stream_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        play_audio: bool = False,
+    ) -> AudioRecorder:
+        """
+        Create an audio recorder thread.
+
+        :param device: Audio device to use.
+        :param output_device: Output device to use.
+        :param fifo: Path to an output FIFO file to use to synchronize the audio
+            to other processes.
+        :param outfile: Optional output file for the recorded audio.
+        :param duration: Duration of the recording in seconds.
+        :param sample_rate: Sample rate of the stream.
+        :param dtype: Data type of the stream.
+        :param blocksize: Block size of the stream.
+        :param latency: Latency of the stream.
+        :param channels: Number of output channels.
+        :param volume: Input volume, between 0 and 100.
+        :param redis_queue: Name of the Redis queue to use.
+        :param format: Format of the recorded audio.
+        :param stream: Whether to stream the recorded audio.
+        :param play_audio: Whether to play the recorded audio in real-time.
+        :param stream_name: Name of the stream.
+        """
+        blocksize = blocksize or self.input_blocksize
+        dev = self._device_manager.get_device(device, type=StreamType.OUTPUT)
+
+        if fifo:
+            fifo = os.path.expanduser(fifo)
+            if os.path.exists(fifo) and stat.S_ISFIFO(os.stat(fifo).st_mode):
+                self.logger.info('Removing previous input stream FIFO %s', fifo)
+                os.unlink(fifo)
+
+            os.mkfifo(fifo, 0o644)
+            outfile = fifo
+        elif outfile:
+            outfile = os.path.expanduser(outfile)
+
+        outfile = outfile or fifo or os.devnull
+        recorder = AudioRecorder(
+            device=(
+                (
+                    dev.index,
+                    self._device_manager.get_device(
+                        type=StreamType.OUTPUT, device=output_device
+                    ).index,
+                )
+                if play_audio
+                else dev.index
+            ),
+            outfile=outfile,
+            duration=duration,
+            sample_rate=sample_rate or dev.default_samplerate,
+            dtype=dtype,
+            blocksize=blocksize,
+            latency=latency,
+            output_format=format,
+            channels=channels,
+            volume=volume,
+            redis_queue=redis_queue,
+            stream=stream,
+            audio_pass_through=play_audio,
+            queue_size=self.queue_size,
+            should_stop=self._should_stop,
+        )
+
+        self._stream_manager.register(
+            recorder, dev, StreamType.INPUT, stream_name=stream_name
+        )
+        return recorder
+
+    def get_device(
+        self,
+        device: Optional[DeviceType] = None,
+        type: Optional[StreamType] = None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+    ) -> AudioDevice:
+        """
+        Proxy to ``self._device_manager.get_device``.
+        """
+        return self._device_manager.get_device(device=device, type=type)
+
+    def get_devices(
+        self,
+        type: Optional[StreamType] = None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+    ) -> List[AudioDevice]:
+        """
+        Proxy to ``self._device_manager.get_devices``.
+        """
+        return self._device_manager.get_devices(type=type)
+
+    def get_streams(
+        self,
+        device: Optional[DeviceType] = None,
+        type: Optional[StreamType] = None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+        streams: Optional[Iterable[Union[str, int]]] = None,
+    ) -> List[AudioThread]:
+        """
+        Proxy to ``self._stream_manager.get``.
+        """
+        return self._stream_manager.get(device=device, type=type, streams=streams)
+
+    def stop_audio(
+        self,
+        device: Optional[DeviceType] = None,
+        type: Optional[StreamType] = None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+        streams: Optional[Iterable[Union[str, int]]] = None,
+        timeout: Optional[float] = 2,
+    ):
+        """
+        Stops audio sessions.
+
+        :param device: Filter by host audio device.
+        :param type: Filter by stream type (input or output).
+        :param streams: Filter by stream indices/names.
+        :param timeout: Wait timeout in seconds.
+        """
+        streams_to_stop = self._stream_manager.get(device, type, streams=streams)
+
+        # Send the stop signals
+        for audio_thread in streams_to_stop:
+            audio_thread.notify_stop()
+
+        # Wait for termination (with timeout)
+        wait_start = time()
+        for audio_thread in streams_to_stop:
+            audio_thread.join(
+                timeout=max(0, timeout - (time() - wait_start))
+                if timeout is not None
+                else None
+            )
+
+        # Remove references
+        for audio_thread in streams_to_stop:
+            self._stream_manager.unregister(audio_thread)
+
+    def pause_audio(
+        self,
+        device: Optional[DeviceType] = None,
+        type: Optional[StreamType] = None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+        streams: Optional[Iterable[Union[str, int]]] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Pauses/resumes audio sessions.
+
+        :param device: Filter by host audio device.
+        :param type: Filter by stream type (input or output).
+        :param streams: Filter by stream indices/names.
+        """
+        streams_to_pause = self._stream_manager.get(device, type, streams=streams)
+
+        # Send the pause toggle signals
+        for audio_thread in streams_to_pause:
+            audio_thread.notify_pause()
+
+    def set_volume(
+        self,
+        volume: float,
+        device: Optional[DeviceType] = None,
+        streams: Optional[Iterable[Union[str, int]]] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        :param volume: New volume, between 0 and 100.
+        :param device: Set the volume only on the specified device (default:
+            all).
+        :param streams: Set the volume only on the specified list of stream
+            indices/names (default: all).
+        """
+        stream_objs = self._stream_manager.get(device=device, streams=streams)
+
+        for stream in stream_objs:
+            stream.volume = volume

platypush/plugins/sound/_manager/_stream.py

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+from collections import defaultdict
+from logging import getLogger
+from threading import RLock
+from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Union
+
+from .._model import AudioDevice, DeviceType, StreamType
+from .._streams import AudioThread
+from ._device import DeviceManager
+
+
+class StreamManager:
+    """
+    The audio manager is responsible for storing the current state of the
+    playing/recording audio streams and allowing fast flexible lookups (by
+    stream index, name, type, device, and any combination of those).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, device_manager: DeviceManager):
+        """
+        :param device_manager: Reference to the device manager.
+        """
+        self._next_stream_index = 1
+        self._device_manager = device_manager
+        self._state_lock = RLock()
+        self._stream_index_by_name: Dict[str, int] = {}
+        self._stream_name_by_index: Dict[int, str] = {}
+        self._stream_index_to_device: Dict[int, AudioDevice] = {}
+        self._stream_index_to_type: Dict[int, StreamType] = {}
+        self.logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
+        self._streams: Dict[
+            int, Dict[StreamType, Dict[int, AudioThread]]
+        ] = defaultdict(lambda: {stream_type: {} for stream_type in StreamType})
+        """ {device_index: {stream_type: {stream_index: audio_thread}}} """
+
+        self._streams_by_index: Dict[StreamType, Dict[int, AudioThread]] = {
+            stream_type: {} for stream_type in StreamType
+        }
+        """ {stream_type: {stream_index: [audio_threads]}} """
+
+        self._stream_locks: Dict[int, Dict[StreamType, RLock]] = defaultdict(
+            lambda: {stream_type: RLock() for stream_type in StreamType}
+        )
+        """ {device_index: {stream_type: RLock}} """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_stream_name(
+        cls,
+        type: StreamType,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+        stream_index: int,
+    ) -> str:
+        return f'platypush:audio:{type.value}:{stream_index}'
+
+    def _gen_next_stream_index(
+        self,
+        type: StreamType,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+        stream_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> int:
+        """
+        :param type: The type of the stream to allocate (input or output).
+        :param stream_name: The name of the stream to allocate.
+        :return: The index of the new stream.
+        """
+        with self._state_lock:
+            stream_index = self._next_stream_index
+
+            if not stream_name:
+                stream_name = self._generate_stream_name(type, stream_index)
+
+            self._stream_name_by_index[stream_index] = stream_name
+            self._stream_index_by_name[stream_name] = stream_index
+            self._next_stream_index += 1
+
+        return stream_index
+
+    def register(
+        self,
+        audio_thread: AudioThread,
+        device: AudioDevice,
+        type: StreamType,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+        stream_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Registers an audio stream to a device.
+
+        :param audio_thread: Stream to register.
+        :param device: Device to register the stream to.
+        :param type: The type of the stream to allocate (input or output).
+        :param stream_name: The name of the stream to allocate.
+        """
+        with self._state_lock:
+            stream_index = audio_thread.stream_index
+            if stream_index is None:
+                stream_index = audio_thread.stream_index = self._gen_next_stream_index(
+                    type, stream_name=stream_name
+                )
+
+            self._streams[device.index][type][stream_index] = audio_thread
+            self._stream_index_to_device[stream_index] = device
+            self._stream_index_to_type[stream_index] = type
+            self._streams_by_index[type][stream_index] = audio_thread
+
+    def unregister(
+        self,
+        audio_thread: AudioThread,
+        device: Optional[AudioDevice] = None,
+        type: Optional[StreamType] = None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+    ):
+        """
+        Unregisters an audio stream from a device.
+
+        :param audio_thread: Stream to unregister.
+        :param device: Device to unregister the stream from.
+        :param type: The type of the stream to unregister (input or output).
+        """
+        with self._state_lock:
+            stream_index = audio_thread.stream_index
+            if stream_index is None:
+                return
+
+            if device is None:
+                device = self._stream_index_to_device.get(stream_index)
+
+            if not type:
+                type = self._stream_index_to_type.get(stream_index)
+
+            if device is None or type is None:
+                return
+
+            self._streams[device.index][type].pop(stream_index, None)
+            self._stream_index_to_device.pop(stream_index, None)
+            self._stream_index_to_type.pop(stream_index, None)
+            self._streams_by_index[type].pop(stream_index, None)
+            stream_name = self._stream_name_by_index.pop(stream_index, None)
+            if stream_name:
+                self._stream_index_by_name.pop(stream_name, None)
+
+    def _get_by_device_and_type(
+        self,
+        device: Optional[DeviceType] = None,
+        type: Optional[StreamType] = None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+    ) -> List[AudioThread]:
+        """
+        Filter streams by device and/or type.
+        """
+        devs = (
+            [self._device_manager.get_device(device, type)]
+            if device is not None
+            else self._device_manager.get_devices(type)
+        )
+
+        return [
+            audio_thread
+            for dev in devs
+            for stream_info in (
+                [self._streams[dev.index].get(type, {})]
+                if type
+                else list(self._streams[dev.index].values())
+            )
+            for audio_thread in stream_info.values()
+            if audio_thread and audio_thread.is_alive()
+        ]
+
+    def _get_by_stream_index_or_name(
+        self, streams: Iterable[Union[str, int]]
+    ) -> List[AudioThread]:
+        """
+        Filter streams by index or name.
+        """
+        threads = []
+
+        for stream in streams:
+            try:
+                stream_index = int(stream)
+            except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                stream_index = self._stream_index_by_name.get(stream)  # type: ignore
+                if stream_index is None:
+                    self.logger.warning('No such audio stream: %s', stream)
+                    continue
+
+            stream_type = self._stream_index_to_type.get(stream_index)
+            if not stream_type:
+                self.logger.warning(
+                    'No type available for this audio stream: %s', stream
+                )
+                continue
+
+            thread = self._streams_by_index.get(stream_type, {}).get(stream_index)
+            if thread:
+                threads.append(thread)
+
+        return threads
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        device: Optional[DeviceType] = None,
+        type: Optional[StreamType] = None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+        streams: Optional[Iterable[Union[str, int]]] = None,
+    ) -> List[AudioThread]:
+        """
+        Searches streams, either by device and/or type, or by stream index/name.
+        """
+        return (
+            self._get_by_stream_index_or_name(streams)
+            if streams
+            else self._get_by_device_and_type(device, type)
+        )

platypush/plugins/sound/_model.py

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Union
+
+DeviceType = Union[int, str]
+
+
+@dataclass
+class AudioDevice:
+    """
+    Maps the properties of an audio device.
+    """
+
+    index: int
+    name: str
+    hostapi: int
+    max_input_channels: int
+    max_output_channels: int
+    default_samplerate: int
+    default_low_input_latency: float = 0
+    default_low_output_latency: float = 0
+    default_high_input_latency: float = 0
+    default_high_output_latency: float = 0
+
+
+class AudioState(Enum):
+    """
+    Audio states.
+    """
+
+    STOPPED = 'STOPPED'
+    RUNNING = 'RUNNING'
+    PAUSED = 'PAUSED'
+
+
+class StreamType(Enum):
+    """
+    Stream types.
+    """
+
+    INPUT = 'input'
+    OUTPUT = 'output'

platypush/plugins/sound/_streams/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from ._base import AudioThread
+from ._player import AudioPlayer
+from ._recorder import AudioRecorder
+
+
+__all__ = ['AudioPlayer', 'AudioRecorder', 'AudioThread']

platypush/plugins/sound/_streams/_base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,502 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from datetime import datetime
+from logging import getLogger
+import os
+import queue
+from threading import Event, RLock, Thread
+import time
+from typing import IO, Callable, Final, Generator, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+import sounddevice as sd
+
+from platypush.context import get_bus
+from platypush.message.event.sound import SoundEvent
+from platypush.utils import get_redis
+
+from .._converters import AudioConverter
+from .._model import AudioState, StreamType
+
+_StreamType = Union[sd.Stream, sd.OutputStream]
+
+
+class AudioThread(Thread, ABC):
+    """
+    Base class for audio play/record stream threads.
+    """
+
+    _DEFAULT_FILE: Final[str] = os.devnull
+    """Unless otherwise specified, the audio streams will be sent to /dev/null"""
+    _DEFAULT_CONVERTER_TIMEOUT: Final[float] = 1
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        device: Union[str, Tuple[str, str]],
+        channels: int,
+        volume: float,
+        sample_rate: int,
+        dtype: str,
+        blocksize: int,
+        ffmpeg_bin: str = 'ffmpeg',
+        stream: bool = False,
+        audio_pass_through: bool = False,
+        infile: Optional[str] = None,
+        outfile: Optional[str] = None,
+        duration: Optional[float] = None,
+        latency: Union[float, str] = 'high',
+        redis_queue: Optional[str] = None,
+        should_stop: Optional[Event] = None,
+        converter_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        stream_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        queue_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        :param device: Audio device to use.
+        :param channels: Number of channels to use.
+        :param volume: Input/output volume, between 0 and 100.
+        :param sample_rate: Sample rate to use.
+        :param dtype: Data type to use.
+        :param blocksize: Block size to use.
+        :param ffmpeg_bin: Path to the ffmpeg binary.
+        :param stream: Whether to stream the audio to Redis consumers.
+        :param audio_pass_through: Whether to pass the audio through to the
+            application's output stream.
+        :param infile: Path to the input file or URL, if this is an output
+            stream.
+        :param outfile: Path to the output file.
+        :param duration: Duration of the audio stream.
+        :param latency: Latency to use.
+        :param redis_queue: Redis queue to use.
+        :param should_stop: Synchronize with upstream stop events.
+        :param converter_timeout: How long to wait for the converter to finish.
+        :param stream_name: Name of the stream.
+        :param queue_size: Maximum size of the audio queue.
+        """
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.device = device
+        self.outfile = os.path.expanduser(outfile or self._DEFAULT_FILE)
+        self.infile = os.path.expanduser(infile or self._DEFAULT_FILE)
+        self.ffmpeg_bin = ffmpeg_bin
+        self.channels = channels
+        self.volume = volume
+        self.sample_rate = sample_rate
+        self.dtype = dtype
+        self.stream = stream
+        self.duration = duration
+        self.blocksize = blocksize * channels
+        self.latency = latency
+        self._redis_queue = redis_queue
+        self.audio_pass_through = audio_pass_through
+        self.queue_size = queue_size
+        self._stream_name = stream_name
+        self.logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
+        self._state = AudioState.STOPPED
+        self._state_lock = RLock()
+        self._started_time: Optional[float] = None
+        self._converter: Optional[AudioConverter] = None
+        self._should_stop = should_stop or Event()
+        self._converter_timeout = converter_timeout or self._DEFAULT_CONVERTER_TIMEOUT
+        self.audio_stream: Optional[_StreamType] = None
+        self.stream_index: Optional[int] = None
+        self.paused_changed = Event()
+        self._converter_terminated = Event()
+
+    @property
+    def should_stop(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Proxy for `._should_stop.is_set()`.
+        """
+        return self._should_stop.is_set() or bool(
+            self.state == AudioState.STOPPED and self._started_time
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def gain(self) -> float:
+        return self.volume / 100
+
+    def wait_stop(self, timeout: Optional[float] = None):
+        """
+        Wait for the stop signal to be received.
+        """
+        return self._should_stop.wait(timeout=timeout)
+
+    def _audio_callback(self) -> Callable:
+        """
+        Returns a callback to handle the raw frames captures from the audio device.
+        """
+
+        def empty_callback(*_, **__):
+            pass
+
+        return empty_callback
+
+    @property
+    def stream_name(self) -> str:
+        if self._stream_name:
+            return self._stream_name
+
+        ret = f'platypush:audio:{self.direction.value}'
+        if self.stream_index is not None:
+            ret += f':{self.stream_index}'
+        return ret
+
+    @stream_name.setter
+    def stream_name(self, value: Optional[str]):
+        self._stream_name = value
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def direction(self) -> StreamType:
+        """
+        The default direction for this stream - input or output.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _audio_converter_type(self) -> Optional[Type[AudioConverter]]:
+        """
+        This property indicates the type that should be used for the audio
+        converter.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _started_event_type(self) -> Type[SoundEvent]:
+        """
+        Event type that will be emitted when the audio starts.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _stopped_event_type(self) -> Type[SoundEvent]:
+        """
+        Event type that will be emitted when the audio stops.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _paused_event_type(self) -> Type[SoundEvent]:
+        """
+        Event type that will be emitted when the audio is paused.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _resumed_event_type(self) -> Type[SoundEvent]:
+        """
+        Event type that will be emitted when the audio is resumed.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def _stream_type(self) -> Union[Type[sd.Stream], Type[sd.OutputStream]]:
+        """
+        The type of stream this thread is mapped to.
+        """
+        return sd.Stream
+
+    @property
+    def _converter_args(self) -> dict:
+        """
+        Extra arguments to pass to the audio converter.
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    @property
+    def _stream_args(self) -> dict:
+        """
+        Extra arguments to pass to the stream constructor.
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    @property
+    def redis_queue(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Redis queue for audio streaming.
+        """
+        if self._redis_queue:
+            return self._redis_queue
+
+        dev = (
+            self.device
+            if isinstance(self.device, (str, int))
+            else '-'.join(map(str, self.device))
+        )
+
+        name = f'platypush-audio-stream-{self.__class__.__name__}-{dev}'
+        if self.stream_index is not None:
+            name = f'{name}-{self.stream_index}'
+
+        return name
+
+    def _on_audio_converted(self, data: bytes, out_f: Optional[IO] = None):
+        """
+        This callback will be called when the audio data has been converted.
+        """
+        if out_f:
+            out_f.write(data)
+
+        if self.stream:
+            get_redis().publish(self.redis_queue, data)
+
+    def _wait_running(self):
+        """
+        If the stream is in paused state, wait for the state to change.
+        """
+        while self.state == AudioState.PAUSED:
+            self.paused_changed.wait()
+
+    def main(
+        self,
+        converter: Optional[AudioConverter] = None,
+        out_f: Optional[IO] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Main loop.
+        """
+        self.notify_start()
+
+        self.logger.info(
+            'Started %s on device [%s]', self.__class__.__name__, self.device
+        )
+        self._started_time = time.time()
+
+        while not self.should_stop and (
+            self.duration is None or time.time() - self._started_time < self.duration
+        ):
+            self._wait_running()
+            if not converter:
+                self.wait_stop(0.1)
+                continue
+
+            if self.should_stop:
+                break
+
+            timeout = (
+                max(
+                    0,
+                    min(
+                        self.duration - (time.time() - self._started_time),
+                        self._converter_timeout,
+                    ),
+                )
+                if self.duration is not None
+                else self._converter_timeout
+            )
+
+            should_continue = self._process_converted_audio(
+                converter, timeout=timeout, out_f=out_f
+            )
+
+            if not should_continue:
+                break
+
+    def _process_converted_audio(
+        self, converter: AudioConverter, timeout: float, out_f: Optional[IO]
+    ) -> bool:
+        """
+        It reads the converted audio from the converter and passes it downstream.
+
+        :return: True if the process should continue, False if it should terminate.
+        """
+        data = converter.read(timeout=timeout)
+        if not data:
+            return self._on_converter_timeout(converter)
+
+        self._on_audio_converted(data, out_f)
+        return True
+
+    def _on_converter_timeout(self, converter: AudioConverter) -> bool:
+        """
+        Callback logic invoked if the converter times out.
+
+        :return: ``True`` (default) if the thread is supposed to continue,
+            ``False`` if it should terminate.
+        """
+        self.logger.debug('Timeout on converter %s', converter.__class__.__name__)
+        # Continue only if the converter hasn't terminated
+        return self._converter_terminated.is_set()
+
+    @override
+    def run(self):
+        """
+        Wrapper for the main loop that initializes the converter and the stream.
+        """
+        super().run()
+        self.paused_changed.clear()
+
+        try:
+            with self.open_converter() as converter, self._stream_type(
+                samplerate=self.sample_rate,
+                device=self.device,
+                channels=self.channels,
+                dtype=self.dtype,
+                latency=self.latency,
+                blocksize=self.blocksize,
+                **self._stream_args,
+            ) as self.audio_stream, open(
+                self.outfile, 'wb'
+            ) as out_f, self._audio_generator():
+                self.main(converter=converter, out_f=out_f)
+        except queue.Empty:
+            self.logger.warning(
+                'Audio callback timeout for %s', self.__class__.__name__
+            )
+        finally:
+            self.notify_stop()
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _audio_generator(self) -> Generator[Optional[Thread], None, None]:
+        """
+        :yield: A <Thread, Queue> pair where the thread generates raw audio
+            frames (as numpy arrays) that are sent to the specified queue.
+        """
+        yield None
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def open_converter(self) -> Generator[Optional[AudioConverter], None, None]:
+        """
+        Context manager for the converter process.
+        """
+        if self._audio_converter_type is None:
+            yield None
+            return
+
+        assert not self._converter, 'A converter process is already running'
+        self._converter = self._audio_converter_type(
+            ffmpeg_bin=self.ffmpeg_bin,
+            sample_rate=self.sample_rate,
+            channels=self.channels,
+            volume=self.volume,
+            dtype=self.dtype,
+            chunk_size=self.blocksize,
+            on_exit=self._converter_terminated.set,
+            **self._converter_args,
+        )
+
+        self._converter.start()
+        yield self._converter
+
+        self._converter.stop()
+        self._converter.join(timeout=2)
+        self._converter = None
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _change_state(self, state: AudioState, event_type: Type[SoundEvent]):
+        """
+        Changes the state and it emits the specified event if the state has
+        actually changed.
+
+        It uses a context manager pattern, and everything in between will be
+        executed before the events are dispatched.
+        """
+        with self._state_lock:
+            prev_state = self.state
+            self.state = state
+
+        yield
+        if prev_state != state:
+            self._notify(event_type)
+
+    def _notify(self, event_type: Type[SoundEvent], **kwargs):
+        """
+        Notifies the specified event.
+        """
+        get_bus().post(event_type(device=self.device, **kwargs))
+
+    def notify_start(self):
+        """
+        Notifies the start event.
+        """
+        with self._change_state(AudioState.RUNNING, self._started_event_type):
+            pass
+
+    def notify_stop(self):
+        """
+        Notifies the stop event.
+        """
+        with self._change_state(AudioState.STOPPED, self._stopped_event_type):
+            if self._converter:
+                self._converter.stop()
+                self.paused_changed.set()
+                self.paused_changed.clear()
+
+    def notify_pause(self):
+        """
+        Notifies a pause toggle event.
+        """
+        states = {
+            AudioState.PAUSED: AudioState.RUNNING,
+            AudioState.RUNNING: AudioState.PAUSED,
+        }
+
+        with self._state_lock:
+            new_state = states.get(self.state)
+            if not new_state:
+                return
+
+            event_type = (
+                self._paused_event_type
+                if new_state == AudioState.PAUSED
+                else self._resumed_event_type
+            )
+
+            with self._change_state(new_state, event_type):
+                self.paused_changed.set()
+                self.paused_changed.clear()
+
+    @property
+    def state(self):
+        """
+        Thread-safe wrapper for the stream state.
+        """
+        with self._state_lock:
+            return self._state
+
+    @state.setter
+    def state(self, value: AudioState):
+        """
+        Thread-safe setter for the stream state.
+        """
+        with self._state_lock:
+            self._state = value
+
+    def asdict(self) -> dict:
+        """
+        Serialize the thread information.
+        """
+        return {
+            'device': self.device,
+            'outfile': self.outfile,
+            'infile': self.infile,
+            'direction': self.direction,
+            'ffmpeg_bin': self.ffmpeg_bin,
+            'channels': self.channels,
+            'sample_rate': self.sample_rate,
+            'dtype': self.dtype,
+            'streaming': self.stream,
+            'duration': self.duration,
+            'blocksize': self.blocksize,
+            'latency': self.latency,
+            'redis_queue': self.redis_queue,
+            'audio_pass_through': self.audio_pass_through,
+            'state': self._state.value,
+            'volume': self.volume,
+            'started_time': datetime.fromtimestamp(self._started_time)
+            if self._started_time
+            else None,
+            'stream_index': self.stream_index,
+            'stream_name': self.stream_name,
+        }
+
+
+# vim:sw=4:ts=4:et:

platypush/plugins/sound/_streams/_player/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from ._base import AudioPlayer
+
+__all__ = ['AudioPlayer']

platypush/plugins/sound/_streams/_player/_base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+from abc import ABC
+from typing import IO, Iterable, List, Optional, Self, Type, Union
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+import numpy as np
+import sounddevice as sd
+
+from platypush.message.event.sound import (
+    SoundPlaybackPausedEvent,
+    SoundPlaybackResumedEvent,
+    SoundPlaybackStartedEvent,
+    SoundPlaybackStoppedEvent,
+)
+
+from ..._converters import RawOutputAudioConverter
+from ..._model import StreamType
+from .._base import AudioThread
+
+
+class AudioPlayer(AudioThread, ABC):
+    """
+    Base ``AudioPlayer`` class.
+
+    An ``AudioPlayer`` thread is responsible for playing audio (either from a
+    file/URL or from a synthetic source) to an output device, writing it to the
+    converter process and dispatching the converted audio to the registered
+    consumers.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, *args, sound: Optional[Union[dict, Iterable[dict]]] = None, **kwargs
+    ):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.sound = sound
+
+    @classmethod
+    def build(
+        cls,
+        infile: Optional[str] = None,
+        sound: Optional[Union[dict, Iterable[dict]]] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> Self:
+        from ._resource import AudioResourcePlayer
+        from ._synth import AudioSynthPlayer, Sound
+
+        if infile:
+            return AudioResourcePlayer(infile=infile, **kwargs)
+        if sound:
+            sounds: List[dict] = (  # type: ignore
+                [sound] if isinstance(sound, dict) else sound
+            )
+
+            return AudioSynthPlayer(sounds=[Sound.build(**s) for s in sounds], **kwargs)
+
+        raise AssertionError('Either infile or url must be specified')
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def direction(self) -> StreamType:
+        return StreamType.OUTPUT
+
+    @override
+    def _on_converter_timeout(self, *_, **__) -> bool:
+        return False  # break
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _stream_type(self) -> Type[sd.RawOutputStream]:
+        return sd.RawOutputStream
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _audio_converter_type(self) -> Type[RawOutputAudioConverter]:
+        return RawOutputAudioConverter
+
+    @override
+    def _on_audio_converted(self, data: bytes, out_f: Optional[IO] = None):
+        if self.audio_stream:
+            self.audio_stream.write(
+                np.asarray(
+                    self.gain
+                    * np.frombuffer(data, dtype=self.dtype).reshape(-1, self.channels),
+                    dtype=self.dtype,
+                )
+            )
+
+        super()._on_audio_converted(data, out_f)
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _started_event_type(self) -> Type[SoundPlaybackStartedEvent]:
+        return SoundPlaybackStartedEvent
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _stopped_event_type(self) -> Type[SoundPlaybackStoppedEvent]:
+        return SoundPlaybackStoppedEvent
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _paused_event_type(self) -> Type[SoundPlaybackPausedEvent]:
+        return SoundPlaybackPausedEvent
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _resumed_event_type(self) -> Type[SoundPlaybackResumedEvent]:
+        return SoundPlaybackResumedEvent
+
+
+# vim:sw=4:ts=4:et:

platypush/plugins/sound/_streams/_player/_resource.py

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+from typing import Optional, Type
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from platypush.message.event.sound import SoundEvent
+
+from ..._converters import RawOutputAudioFromFileConverter
+from ._base import AudioPlayer
+
+
+class AudioResourcePlayer(AudioPlayer):
+    """
+    A ``AudioResourcePlayer`` thread is responsible for playing an audio
+    resource - either a file or a URL.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _audio_converter_type(self) -> Type[RawOutputAudioFromFileConverter]:
+        return RawOutputAudioFromFileConverter
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _converter_args(self) -> dict:
+        return {
+            'infile': self.infile,
+            **super()._converter_args,
+        }
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _converter_stdin(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        return None
+
+    @override
+    def _notify(self, event_type: Type[SoundEvent], **kwargs):
+        return super()._notify(event_type, resource=self.infile, **kwargs)
+
+
+# vim:sw=4:ts=4:et:

platypush/plugins/sound/_streams/_player/_synth/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from ._player import AudioSynthPlayer
+from ._sound import Sound
+
+__all__ = ['AudioSynthPlayer', 'Sound']

platypush/plugins/sound/_streams/_player/_synth/_base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Optional, Tuple
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
+
+from ._parser import SoundParser
+
+
+class SoundBase(SoundParser, ABC):
+    """
+    Base class for synthetic sounds and mixes.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, volume: float = 100, **kwargs) -> None:
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.volume = volume
+
+    @property
+    def gain(self) -> float:
+        return self.volume / 100
+
+    @gain.setter
+    def gain(self, value: float):
+        self.volume = value * 100
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_wave(
+        self,
+        sample_rate: float,
+        t_start: float = 0,
+        t_end: float = 0,
+        **_,
+    ) -> NDArray[np.floating]:
+        """
+        Get the wave binary data associated to this sound
+
+        :param t_start: Start offset for the wave in seconds. Default: 0
+        :param t_end: End offset for the wave in seconds. Default: 0
+        :param sample_rate: Audio sample rate. Default: 44100 Hz
+        :returns: A ``numpy.ndarray[(t_end-t_start)*sample_rate, 1]``
+            with the raw float values
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def fft(
+        self,
+        sample_rate: float,
+        t_start: float = 0.0,
+        t_end: float = 0.0,
+        freq_range: Optional[Tuple[float, float]] = None,
+        freq_buckets: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> NDArray[np.floating]:
+        """
+        Get the real part of the Fourier transform associated to a time-bounded
+            sample of this sound.
+
+        :param t_start: Start offset for the wave in seconds. Default: 0
+        :param t_end: End offset for the wave in seconds. Default: 0
+        :param sample_rate: Audio sample rate. Default: 44100 Hz
+        :param freq_range: FFT frequency range. Default: ``(0, sample_rate/2)``
+            (see`Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem
+            <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem>`_)
+        :param freq_buckets: Number of buckets to subdivide the frequency range.
+            Default: None
+        :returns: A numpy.ndarray[freq_range,1] with the raw float values
+        """
+
+        if not freq_range:
+            freq_range = (0, int(sample_rate / 2))
+
+        wave = self.get_wave(t_start=t_start, t_end=t_end, sample_rate=sample_rate)
+        fft = np.fft.fft(wave.reshape(len(wave)))
+        fft = fft.real[freq_range[0] : freq_range[1]]
+
+        if freq_buckets is not None:
+            fft = np.histogram(fft, bins=freq_buckets)[0]
+
+        return fft

platypush/plugins/sound/_streams/_player/_synth/_generator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from logging import getLogger
+from queue import Full, Queue
+from threading import Thread
+from time import time
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
+
+from ._mix import Mix
+
+
+class AudioGenerator(Thread):
+    """
+    The ``AudioGenerator`` class is a thread that generates synthetic raw audio
+    waves and dispatches them to a queue that can be consumed by other players,
+    streamers and converters.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args,
+        audio_queue: Queue[NDArray[np.number]],
+        mix: Mix,
+        blocksize: int,
+        sample_rate: int,
+        queue_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        should_stop: Callable[[], bool] = lambda: False,
+        wait_running: Callable[[], Any] = lambda: None,
+        on_stop: Callable[[], Any] = lambda: None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._audio_queue = audio_queue
+        self._t_start: float = 0
+        self._blocksize: int = blocksize
+        self._sample_rate: int = sample_rate
+        self._blocktime = self._blocksize / self._sample_rate
+        self._should_stop = should_stop
+        self._queue_timeout = queue_timeout
+        self._wait_running = wait_running
+        self._on_stop = on_stop
+        self.mix = mix
+        self.logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
+    def _next_t(self, t: float) -> float:
+        """
+        Calculates the next starting time for the wave function.
+        """
+        return (
+            min(t + self._blocktime, self._duration)
+            if self._duration is not None
+            else t + self._blocktime
+        )
+
+    def should_stop(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Stops if the upstream dependencies have signalled to stop or if the
+        duration is set and we have reached it.
+        """
+        return self._should_stop() or (
+            self._duration is not None and time() - self._t_start >= self._duration
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _duration(self) -> Optional[float]:
+        """
+        Proxy to the mix object's duration.
+        """
+        return self.mix.duration()
+
+    def run(self):
+        super().run()
+        self._t_start = time()
+        t = 0
+
+        while not self.should_stop():
+            self._wait_running()
+            if self.should_stop():
+                break
+
+            next_t = self._next_t(t)
+
+            try:
+                data = self.mix.get_wave(
+                    t_start=t, t_end=next_t, sample_rate=self._sample_rate
+                )
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.logger.warning('Could not generate the audio wave: %s', e)
+                break
+
+            try:
+                self._audio_queue.put(data, timeout=self._queue_timeout)
+                t = next_t
+            except Full:
+                self.logger.warning(
+                    'The processing queue is full: either the audio consumer is stuck, '
+                    'or you may want to increase queue_size'
+                )
+
+        self._on_stop()

platypush/plugins/sound/_streams/_player/_synth/_mix.py

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+import json
+import logging
+from typing import List, Tuple, Union
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import DTypeLike, NDArray
+
+from ...._utils import convert_nd_array
+from ._base import SoundBase
+from ._sound import Sound
+
+
+class Mix(SoundBase):
+    """
+    This class models a set of mixed :class:`._sound.Sound` instances that can be played
+    through an audio stream to an audio device
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *sounds, channels: int, dtype: DTypeLike, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._sounds: List[Sound] = []
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+        self.channels = channels
+        self.dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+
+        for sound in sounds:
+            self.add(sound)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        Iterate over the object's attributes and return key-pair values.
+        """
+        for sound in self._sounds:
+            yield dict(sound)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """
+        Return a JSON string representation of the object.
+        """
+        return json.dumps(list(self))
+
+    def add(self, *sounds: Union[Sound, dict]):
+        """
+        Add one or more sounds to the mix.
+        """
+        self._sounds += [Sound.build(sound) for sound in sounds]
+
+    def remove(self, *sound_indices: int):
+        """
+        Remove one or more sounds from the mix.
+        """
+        assert self._sounds and all(
+            0 <= sound_index < len(sound_indices) for sound_index in sound_indices
+        ), f'Sound indices must be between 0 and {len(self._sounds) - 1}'
+
+        for sound_index in sound_indices[::-1]:
+            self._sounds.pop(sound_index)
+
+    @override
+    def get_wave(
+        self,
+        sample_rate: float,
+        t_start: float = 0,
+        t_end: float = 0,
+        normalize_range: Tuple[float, float] = (-1.0, 1.0),
+        on_clip: str = 'scale',
+        **_,
+    ) -> NDArray[np.number]:
+        wave = None
+
+        for sound in self._sounds:
+            sound_wave = sound.get_wave(
+                t_start=t_start, t_end=t_end, sample_rate=sample_rate
+            )
+
+            if wave is None:
+                wave = sound_wave
+            else:
+                wave += sound_wave
+
+        if wave is not None and len(wave):
+            scale_factor = (normalize_range[1] - normalize_range[0]) / (
+                wave.max() - wave.min()
+            )
+
+            if scale_factor < 1.0:  # Wave clipping
+                if on_clip == 'scale':
+                    wave = scale_factor * wave
+                elif on_clip == 'clip':
+                    wave[wave < normalize_range[0]] = normalize_range[0]
+                    wave[wave > normalize_range[1]] = normalize_range[1]
+                else:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        'Supported values for "on_clip": ' + '"scale" or "clip"'
+                    )
+
+        assert wave is not None
+        return convert_nd_array(self.gain * wave, dtype=self.dtype)
+
+    def duration(self):
+        """
+        :returns: The duration of the mix in seconds as duration of its longest
+            sample, or None if the mixed sample have no duration set
+        """
+
+        # If any sound has no duration specified, then the resulting mix will
+        # have no duration as well.
+        if any(sound.duration is None for sound in self._sounds):
+            return None
+
+        return max(((sound.duration or 0) + sound.delay for sound in self._sounds))
+
+
+# vim:sw=4:ts=4:et:

platypush/plugins/sound/_streams/_player/_synth/_output.py

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+from logging import getLogger
+from queue import Empty, Queue
+from typing import Callable, Optional
+
+import sounddevice as sd
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
+
+
+# pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
+class AudioOutputCallback:
+    """
+    The ``AudioSynthOutput`` is a functor that wraps the ``sounddevice.Stream``
+    callback and writes raw audio data to the audio device.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args,
+        audio_queue: Queue[NDArray[np.number]],
+        channels: int,
+        blocksize: int,
+        should_stop: Callable[[], bool] = lambda: False,
+        is_paused: Callable[[], bool] = lambda: False,
+        queue_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._audio_queue = audio_queue
+        self._channels = channels
+        self._blocksize = blocksize
+        self._should_stop = should_stop
+        self._is_paused = is_paused
+        self._queue_timeout = queue_timeout
+        self.logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
+    def _check_status(self, frames: int, status):
+        """
+        Checks the current status of the audio callback and raises errors if
+        the processing shouldn't continue.
+        """
+        if self._should_stop():
+            raise sd.CallbackStop
+
+        assert frames == self._blocksize, (
+            f'Received {frames} frames, expected blocksize is {self._blocksize}',
+        )
+
+        assert not status.output_underflow, 'Output underflow: increase blocksize?'
+        assert not status, f'Audio callback failed: {status}'
+
+    def _audio_callback(self, outdata: NDArray[np.number], frames: int, status):
+        if self._is_paused():
+            return
+
+        self._check_status(frames, status)
+
+        try:
+            data = self._audio_queue.get_nowait()
+        except Empty as e:
+            raise (
+                sd.CallbackStop
+                if self._should_stop()
+                else AssertionError('Buffer is empty: increase buffersize?')
+            ) from e
+
+        if data.shape[0] == 0:
+            raise sd.CallbackStop
+
+        audio_length = min(len(data), len(outdata))
+        outdata[:audio_length] = data[:audio_length]
+
+    # _ = time
+    def __call__(self, outdata: NDArray[np.number], frames: int, _, status):
+        try:
+            self._audio_callback(outdata, frames, status)
+        except AssertionError as e:
+            self.logger.warning(str(e))

platypush/plugins/sound/_streams/_player/_synth/_parser.py

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import math
+import re
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+
+class SoundParser:
+    """
+    A utility mixin with some methods to parse and convert sound information -
+    e.g. MIDI notes from strings, MIDI notes to frequencies, and the other way
+    around.
+    """
+
+    _DEFAULT_A4_FREQUENCY = 440.0
+    _MIDI_NOTE_REGEX = re.compile(r'^([A-G])([#b]?)(-?[0-9]+)$')
+    _MID_A_MIDI_NOTE = 69
+    _NOTE_OFFSETS = {
+        'C': 0,
+        'C#': 1,
+        'Db': 1,
+        'D': 2,
+        'D#': 3,
+        'Eb': 3,
+        'E': 4,
+        'F': 5,
+        'F#': 6,
+        'Gb': 6,
+        'G': 7,
+        'G#': 8,
+        'Ab': 8,
+        'A': 9,
+        'A#': 10,
+        'Bb': 10,
+        'B': 11,
+    }
+
+    _ALTERATION_OFFSETS = {
+        'b': -1,
+        '': 0,
+        '#': 1,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, *_, ref_frequency: float = _DEFAULT_A4_FREQUENCY, **__) -> None:
+        self._ref_frequency = ref_frequency
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_alteration_offset(alt: str) -> int:
+        """
+        Calculate the MIDI note offset given by its reported sharp/flat alteration.
+        """
+        if alt == '#':
+            return 1
+        if alt == 'b':
+            return -1
+        return 0
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_midi_note(cls, note: Union[str, int]) -> int:
+        """
+        Convert a MIDI note given as input (either an integer or a string like
+        'C4') to a MIDI note number.
+
+        :raise: ValueError
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(note, str):
+            note = note[:1].upper() + note[1:]
+            m = cls._MIDI_NOTE_REGEX.match(note)
+            if not m:
+                raise ValueError(f'Invalid MIDI note: {note}')
+
+            base_note, alteration, octave = m.groups()
+            octave = int(octave)
+            note_offset = cls._NOTE_OFFSETS[base_note] + cls._get_alteration_offset(
+                alteration
+            )
+
+            octave_offset = (octave + 1) * 12
+            note = octave_offset + note_offset
+
+        if isinstance(note, int):
+            if not 0 <= note <= 127:
+                raise ValueError(f'MIDI note out of range: {note}')
+            return note
+
+        raise ValueError(f'Invalid MIDI note: {note}')
+
+    def note_to_freq(
+        self, midi_note: Union[int, str], ref_frequency: Optional[float] = None
+    ):
+        """
+        Converts a MIDI note to its frequency in Hz
+
+        :param midi_note: MIDI note to convert
+        :param ref_frequency: Reference A4 frequency override (default: 440 Hz).
+        """
+
+        note = self.get_midi_note(midi_note)
+        return (2.0 ** ((note - self._MID_A_MIDI_NOTE) / 12.0)) * (
+            ref_frequency or self._ref_frequency
+        )
+
+    def freq_to_note(self, frequency: float, ref_frequency: Optional[float] = None):
+        """
+        Converts a frequency in Hz to its closest MIDI note
+
+        :param frequency: Frequency in Hz
+        :param ref_frequency: Reference A4 frequency override (default: 440 Hz).
+        """
+
+        std_freq = ref_frequency or self._ref_frequency
+        return int(12.0 * math.log(frequency / std_freq, 2) + self._MID_A_MIDI_NOTE)